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Sanitation in Kumasi

Sanitation in Kumasi. Potential for ecosan in Ghana. Overview of presentation. Introduction Overview of sanitation in Kumasi Sanitation needs Overview of sanitation policy/governance Sanitation policy needs Items of interest and potential opportunities. Introduction.

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Sanitation in Kumasi

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  1. Sanitation in Kumasi Potential for ecosan in Ghana

  2. Overview of presentation • Introduction • Overview of sanitation in Kumasi • Sanitation needs • Overview of sanitation policy/governance • Sanitation policy needs • Items of interest and potential opportunities

  3. Introduction • Evaluation of sanitation policy* in Kumasi, Ghana • Purpose • Sanitation, sanitation policy needs • Basic questions about policymaking process • Factors influencing policy • Also: • I.D. opportunities for ecosan • I.D. main actors, potential partners, and projects • Desk study

  4. Ghana Location… Language: English Kumasi: • 1.5 million inhabitants + 500,000 floating population • Little industry, most jobs in small informal business • Urban agric. a big source of food, not employment www.nationsonline.org www.lib.utexas.edu

  5. History • Colonial sanitation policy to 1981 (central planning) • Committees for the Defence of the Revolution (populist - local collective action) • Public–private partnerships (free market) www.ghanaweb.com www.allafrica.com

  6. Sanitation in Kumasi • Difficulty with numbers • Access to sanitation technologies • Shared toilets (78% of households) • Public toilets (38% of households) UNDP Human Development Report: 58% of Ghanaians have access to improved sanitation (UNDP 2002). UNSTATS Millennium Indicators: 18% of Ghanaians have access to improved sanitation (MDG Indicators 2004).

  7. Toilet Politics • Public-private partnerships • Profits exceed 1000$ US per month • Conflict of interest in tendering process: Assemblymen get contracts • “Direct-action” confrontations

  8. Sanitation in Kumasi • Sewage treatment • No illegal dumping • Buobai: • Sedimentation ponds • Co-composting pilot project • Dompoase

  9. Sanitation in Kumasi • Funding for sanitation: • US$ 52 million/year • US$ 50 million of this comes from foreign donors • US$ 160 million/year needed for MDGs

  10. Summary: Sanitation Needs • Containment • Private facilities • Increased demand • Improved public toilets • Desludging of treatment sites

  11. Summary: Sanitation Needs • Ongoing support for maintenance and proper use of facilities • Financial • Gender

  12. Sanitation Policy • Policy & policy structure • National level • Kumasi • Policy needs

  13. Policystructure: MLGRDE MWRWH Ashanti Regional Coordinating Council Community Water and Sanitation Agency Metropolitan Assembly Regional CWSA offices Sub-Metropolitan Assembly District Water and Sanitation Teams Town Council Water and Sanitation Development Boards Water and Sanitation Committees Unit Committee

  14. Policystructure: Metropolitan General Assembly Unofficial: with individual assemblymen Sub-Metropolitan Assemblies Environmental Protection Agency Executive Committee Central administration Town Councils Waste Management Department Unit Committees

  15. Policy Needs • Revised Environmental Sanitation Policy -- clear roles • Improved Coordination • Implementation • Demand generation • Capacity building • Finances

  16. Policy Needs • Increased Focus on Sanitation • Enforcement • Non-partisan development • Reduce misuse of funds

  17. Other issues • Contracts for managing public latrines have been seen as one of the “the perks of office for Assembly Members” (King et al. 2001, 37). • Many levels of ‘decentralized’ government • Non-functional levels • Hierarchy of power • High level of ignorance • Increasing population…

  18. Items of Interest & Potential Opportunities • Gender research • The Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS): • Ghanaian coalition of NGOs, private sector, and government actors • “Year of sanitation” • Through the directorate of CONIWAS we can communicate with the 50+ member organizations (some of which are coalitions).

  19. Items of Interest & Potential Opportunities Valley View University (VVU): • Newly-built (and still expanding), ecologically designed campus – ecological sanitation plays a big role. • 1500 students – should increase to 5000 students – largest private university in Ghana • Experimentation with technologies: Rainwater collection, urine-diverting toilets, greywater reuse, biogas, etc. • Ecosan training workshops • Networking • Sustainability

  20. Items of Interest & Potential Opportunities It was suggested that the ecosan community doesn’t pay enough attention to what is already being done by the general population (i.e., anything not associated with projects): • KVIPs (ventilated improved fossa alterna) are one of the most common sanitation technology in Ghana, but they are often misused. Fecal sludge is usually not reused even when composted properly. • Direct application of faecal sludge: Bolgatanga, Tamale, and Manya Krobo – Competitive market for untreated sludge.

  21. Items of Interest & Potential Opportunities Private sector participation in sanitation services: • Sustainable, cost-effective method of increasing sanitation coverage, experimenting with various technologies, and conducting research (e.g, on perceptions of urine diversion). • Not “improved sanitation” but… 4-15% of urban population use open defecation. • Open defecation related to lack of access (long queues, toilets being out of order, toilets being locked) (Benneh et al 1993). • Revenues estimated at 1000$ US per month

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