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MATTER AND CHANGE

MATTER AND CHANGE. COURSE OBJECTIVES : UNDERSTAND, LEARN AND QUANTIFY THE CHANGES OF MATTER AND TO VALUE ITS IMPACT ON NATURE . Chapter 1 . Introduction to Chemistry. What is Chemistry?. The study of the matter, its composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes.

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MATTER AND CHANGE

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  1. MATTER AND CHANGE COURSE OBJECTIVES: UNDERSTAND, LEARN AND QUANTIFY THE CHANGES OF MATTER AND TO VALUE ITS IMPACT ON NATURE

  2. Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

  3. What is Chemistry? • The study of the matter, its composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes. • Applied chemistry is the using chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing • Pure chemistry gathers knowledge for knowledge’s sake

  4. Which Comes First? • Applied Chemistry • Pure Chemistry Usually comes first, applied later Called technology Or engineering Pure chemistry can explain behavior that has been used without knowing why. Steel swords Can’t be good or bad Pure research studies Can be good or bad depending on use Production and Mfg of products

  5. Branches of Chemistry • Analytical Chemistry -studies composition of substances. • Quality Control of Products • Laboratory Medical Analysis. etc • Organic Chemistry -compounds containing carbon • Hydrocarbons in general • Inorganic Chemistry -substances without carbon and refers to the study of the chemistry of materials from non-biological origins. • Biochemistry- Chemistry of living things • Physical Chemistry studies behavior of substances • rates and mechanisms of reactions • energy transfers • Boilers, Reactors, Distillation towers etc

  6. Why study Chemistry • Explain the natural world • Understand Materials in Nature and its behavior. Like Geophysics. Mining. Function of body organs and substances • Prepare for developing an analytical thinking process. • Chemistry methods of analysis are profound and systematical. Fool proof • Be an informed individual • Chemistry and its general approaches to science are useful tools in all life circumstances. • Develop better tools for comprehension of nature

  7. Examples of Applied Chemistry • Material Design • Plastics. • Paints • Nanotechnology • Scale • Macroscopic- Big enough to see • Microscopic- Too small to see unaided • Nanotechnology- manipulating individual atoms and molecules

  8. Examples Applied Chemistry • Energy • Ability to do work. Steam Machines, Reactors and distillation towers • Conservation • More efficient conversion of materials to make compounds (i.e Chemical reactions, Separation machines like industrial filters and other separators • Insulation. Materials that are useful to preserve heat • Production –new sources of materials. Like cosmetics, medicines, resins and aerospece materials (Tiles and adhesives of Challenger spacecraft) • Storage of energy - batteries, fuel cells,

  9. Examples of Applied Chemistry • Agriculture • Production- fertilizers, soil tests • Protection – pesticide, herbicide • Medicine • Drugs • Materials- hips, artificial skin, implants • Biotechnology- using organisms as a means of production

  10. Examples of Applied Chemistry • Environment- Pollution • Eliminate sources. Like ozone layer pollutants • Treatment once polluted. Like waste water purification, like sanitation in hospitals • Astronomy • Remote analysis of stars from their light. Like the infrared and other wavelengths they project • Analysis of extraterrestrial samples like the • Curiosity rover on mars

  11. MATTER AND ITS CHANGES • WHAT IS MATTER? • MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE. • Mass is a measure of how much matter an object has. Weight is a measure of how strongly gravity pulls on that matter. • MATTER CLASSIFICATION • BY PHYSICAL STATE: • SOLID, LIQUID, GAS, PLASMA • BY CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION • ELEMENT, COMPOUND AND MIXTURE • LETS NAME SOME EXAMPLES OF SOLIDS, GASES AND LIQUIDS • NAME SOME ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

  12. MATTER AND ITS CHANGES • OUR MAIN INTEREST IN THIS COURSE IS TO UNDERSTAND THE BEHAVIOR OF MATTER ! • IN ALL ITS FORMS AND CLASSIFICATIONS • LETS CONSIDER BOILING WATER • NAME WHAT MAKES WATER BOIL • CAN WE CONTROL EXTERNALLY THE WAY WATER BOILS? • CAN WE MEASSURE THE AMOUNT OF HEAT APPLIED TO • A GIVEN VOLUME OF WATER? • WHAT USES CAN WE MAKE OF THIS PROPERTY OF WATER? • NOW LETS CONSIDER FREEZING WATER • HOW FREEZING OF WATER OCCUR? • CAN WE CONTROL THE RATE OF FREEZING? • WHAT USES CAN WE MAKE OF FREEZING WATER?

  13. MATTER AND ITS CHANGES • ONCE WE TRULY INDERSTAND THE BEHAVIOR F MATTER WA CAN MAKE A CONTROLLED INTELLIGENT OPTIMIZED USE OF IT ! • THIS IS WHY IS SO RELEVANT TO STUDY MATTER, ITS CHANGES AND THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THESE CHANGES. • GOING BACK TO THE BOILING WATER EXAMPLE • IF WE KNOW THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE BOLING POINT OF WATER (AND OF ANY OTHER LIQUID) WE CAN ALTER THESE FACTORS TO OUR CONVENIENCE • SOME OF THESE FACTORS ARE: • PURITY OF THE SUBSTANCE • PRESSURE • THEREFORE WE CAN ALTER THE BOILING POINT OF LIQUIDS BY ALTERING THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT IT

  14. MATTER AND ITS CHANGES • VARIOUS SCIENCES STUDYING MATTER • PHYSICS. Like in motion of objects • CHEMISTRY. Like understanding behavior of materials. • NANOTECHNOLOGY. LIKE MANIPULATION OF MATERIALS ON AN ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SCALE. One nanometreis a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre. • MATHEMATICS. LIKE TO CORRELATE THE VARIABLES OF CHANGES OF MATTER IN EQUATIONS THAT DESCRIBES THE PHENOMENA. • pV=nRT. • Q=mCp(T2-T1) • COMBINATION OF ALL • PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY • STUDY OF BEHAVIOR OF MATTER BOTH FROM THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STANDPOINTS • MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS TO FORMULATE AND DESCRIBE THESE BEHAVIORS • WHY AND HOW CHEMISTRY IN PARTICULAR EVOLVED?

  15. FIRST Alchemy • Forerunner of chemistry. BOILING, BURNING,ETC • Mystical- search for perfection • Practical- developed glassware and techniques used today • Tried to change elements. LIKE ALLOYS • Faulty assumptions and lack of logic led them astray. NEED FOR A BETTER METHOD OF PREDICTING AND UNDERSTANDING BEHVIOR

  16. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD • AS HUMANS EVOLVED SO THE METHODS OF OBSERVATIONS EVOLVED. • EARLY HUMANS OBSERVED ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS SO THE COULD HUNT THEM AND FEED THEIR COMMUNITIES • GALILEO WAS THE FIRST TO DEFINE A SCIENTIFIC • METHOD AND ESTABLISHED SOME RULES • FRANCIS BACON HAD THE IDEA THAT THOUGHT SHOULD • BE BASED ON EXPERIMENTATION AND SCIENCE. FIRTS BY • INDUCTIVE REASONING AND THEN INFERRING GENERAL • PRINCIPLES FROM OBSERVATIONS. • NOW THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IS USED BROADLY IN MANY FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND OTHER DICIPLINES. SINCE THIS METHOD PROVIDES THE BEST FOUNDATION FOR ACHIEVING RESULTS WHEN APPLIED.

  17. Scientific Method • A way of solving problems or answering questions. • Starts with observation- noting an recording facts • Hypothesis- a possible explanation as to the cause of the observation, based on research and previous knowledge

  18. Scientific Method • Experiment- designed to test the hypothesis • only two possible answers • hypothesis is right • hypothesis is wrong • Generates data -observations from experiments. • Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle

  19. Variables • Controlled experiment- Only want one thing to change at a time in a laboratory. • Manipulated variable- What you change or control directly • Also called independent variable • Responding variable – What changes as a result. No direct control • Also called dependent variable

  20. THEORIES ARE • the best explanation • Useful because they predict behavior • Helpful for us to form mental pictures of processes (models)

  21. Another outcome is that certain behavior is repeated many times then ---- • Scientific Law is developed • Exact and predictable Description of how things behave • Usually an equation • Law - how • Theory- why

  22. PHASES OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD • DEFINE INDEPENDENT • VARIABLE • MEASURE RESULTS • OF DEPENDIENT VARIABLES • ANALIZE THE RESULTS • CONSTRUCT GRAPHS • DEFINE BEHAVIOR EQUATION

  23. SCIENTIFIC METHOD • LETS MAKE EXERCISES USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD • HYPOTHESIS 1: SALINE WATER HAS DIFFERENT BOILING POINT THAN DISTILLED WATER. • HOW WOULD YOU USE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO PROVE YOUR HYPOTHESIS? • WHICH ARE THE VARIABLES THAT MAKE WATER BOIL? • WHICH VARIABLES WOULD YOU KEEP CONSTANT? • WHICH MEASUREMENTS WOULD YOU MAKE? • WHAT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS WOULD YOU UTILIZE? • HOW WOULD YOU ORGANIZE THE COLLECTED DATA? • HOW WOULD YOU RE-TEST AND PROVE THE REPEATABILITY OF YOUR HYPOTHESIS? • WHICH COULD BE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF YOUR HYPOTHESIS?

  24. EXERCISES USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD • HYPOTHESIS 2: A MIXTURE OF 90% UNLEADED GASOLINE WITH 10% ETHANOL, PRODUCES LESS POLUTANTS THAN 100% UNLEADED GASOLINE. • WHAT USE OF PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE WOULD YOU USE? • HOW WOULD YOU ARRANGE OR PLAN YOUR EXPERIMENT? • WHAT MEASUREMENTS WOULD YOU MAKE ? • WHICH INSTRUMENTS WOULD YOU USE? • HOW WOULD YOU ARRANGE AND ANALIZETHE DATA GATHERED? • HOW WOULD YOU PROVE THAT YOUR HYPOTHESIS IS REPEATABLE? • HOW WOULD YOU FIND THE OPTIMUM BALANCE OF YOUR HYPOTHESIS ( ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICALLY) • HOW WOULD YOU USE THE RESULTS OF YOUR HYPOTHESIS IN REAL LIFE?

  25. ORGANIZATION AND BEHAVIOR OF MATTER • FORMS OF MATTER: • ELEMENTS: ATOMS AND ITS COMPONENTS • COMPOUND: DIFFERENT ATOMS • MIXTURE: DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS • ALL MATTER CONTAINS ENERGY • ENERGY: IS THE CAPACITY TO DO WORK. (W=F X d) • ACCORDING TO EINSTEIN: E=mC2 • CHANGE OF MATTER FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER REQUIRES ENERGY: • CHANGE WATER INTO STEAM …HEAT ENERGY • CHANGE WATER INTO ICE…- HEAT ENERGY • The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed

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