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“O Brazil nunca foi ao Brasil … O Brazil não conhece o Brasil …” ( Maurício Tapajós e Aldir Blanc) “Brazil never went to Brasil … Brazil don’t know Brasil …” .
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“O Brazil nuncafoiaoBrasil… O Brazil nãoconhece o Brasil…” (MaurícioTapajós e Aldir Blanc) “Brazil never went to Brasil… Brazil don’t know Brasil…”
“O Brazil nãoconhece o Brasil O Brasilnuncafoiao Brazil Tapir, jabuti, liana, alamandra, alialaúdePiau, ururau, aqui, ataúdePiá, carioca, porecramecrãJobimakaroreJobim-açuOh, oh, oh”
The treaty was historically important in dividing Latin America, as well as establishing Spain in the western Pacific until 1898. However, it quickly became obsolete in North America, and later in Asia and Africa, where it affected colonization. It was ignored by other European nations, and with the decline of Spanish and Portuguese power, the home countries were unable to hold many of their claims, much less expand them into poorly explored areas. • *There has been modern claims for the treaty in the 20th Century…
Letter to King D. Manuel • “tough, healthy and innocent” De Caminha description of the natives.
“They are brown skinned, of a quite reddish complexion, with handsome faces and noses, in such "scarved" features. They go about naked, without clothing. They do not bother about to cover or to uncover their bodies, and show their private parts as readily as they show their faces. In this matter they are of great innocence.” “... they take a good care of themselves and they are really hygienic. In that I am convinced they are like birds, or mountain animals, with whom the "air" (referring to refreshing hygiene habits) does better to feathers and hair than the comfort [of the lack of regular washing and grooming], because their bodies are so clean and so plump and in such nice shape that could not be better!”
“They only eat this yam, which is very plentiful here, and those seeds and fruits that the earth and the trees give of themselves. Nevertheless, they are of a finer, sturdier, and sleeker condition than we are for all the wheat and vegetables we eat.” • “Walking among them there were three or four women, young and gentle, with their hair very black and very long, loose to their backs; their private parts, so prominent and so neat, and so clean of their hairs that we, by very much looking at them, did not get ashamed.” • One of those young women had the whole body painted, from bottom to top with that tincture, and sure she was so good shaped and so rounded, and her private part so graceful that most women in our land, if had seen those features would feel abashed for not having their own like she has hers.”
“My opinion and everyone’s opinion is that these people lack nothing to become completely Christian, except understanding us (…). I believe that if your Majesty could send someone that could stay a while here with them, they would all be persuaded and converted…” • Tone/style of the letter - • -> Later learn the language, later become slaves to the Portuguese.
“The true history and description of a Land of Savage, Naked, Fierce, Man Eating People found in the New World” (Hans Standen – 1557) • Throughout 16th and 17th centuries, European illustrations of Brazil fixed on cannibalism. • This gave the Portuguese legitimacy that they were bringing civilization to the “savages”. • Exploitation of labor and forced acculturation • According to one chronicler in 1570, the native’s language “lacked the three letters F, L and R – Fé (faith), Lei (law) and Rei (king), and live, thus, without justice and order.”
Before the Portuguese… - Hundreds of natives inhabited Brazil 10.000 years before the Portuguese arrived. - 4 main groups with about 2.000 peoples/tribes A) TUPI-GUARANI – Atlantic Coast B) GÊ – Open Central Plateau C) *Carib/Arawak – Amazon Basin *Advanced in technology and warfare TODAY 200 tribes / 300.000 native Brazilians
General Characteristics • Most Brazilian natives dwelled in temporary villages • Lowland South America had no animals that could be easily domesticated like the llamas and guinea pigs of the Andes. • Brazilian tribes kept on moving in order to find survival. • Constant floods (Amazon basin) discouraged planting. • No written language (stories were recorded after the Portuguese).
Ilha de Marajó e Pará • Pre-Columbian era society that flourished on Marajó island at the mouth of the Amazon River around 800 AD-1400 AD. • Sophisticated pottery—large and elaborately painted and incised with representations of plants and animals—is the most impressive finding in the area and provided the first evidence of complex society on Marajó.
Tupinambás e Tupiniquins
General Nature of Portuguese Colonization • Ambiguous • Missed opportunities to import cattle and send settlers • Leased territories to Lisbon merchants • trade with the natives *Changed after fear of invasion from other nations. France Antarctic – 1555-1567
Colonial Brazil (1500-1882) • 1500 (Pre-Colonial) The Portuguese arrives in Brazil • 1500-1530s Brazilwood trade • 1534 Beginning of colonial period and sugar cane plantation cycle • 1550 Beginning of African slave trade
1580-1640 Iberian Union • 1630 Dutch invade Brazil • 1654 Portuguese expelled the Dutch and Jewish • 1693 Portuguese found gold in Southeast Brazil • 1763 Rio de Janeiro becomes capital
1789 InconfidenciaMineira, anunsuccessful Brazilian separatist movement. • 1808 D. João and the royal family arrive in Brazil • 1822 D.Pedro (the king’s son) proclaims Brazil’s independence • 1820s-1930 Coffee is the major product • 1840-1889 D. Pedro II is the second emperorof Brazil • 1879-1912 Rubber plantations in the Amazon • 1888 Slavery is ablolished • 1889 Monarchy was overthrown and the country proclaimed itself a Republic
Spend, Spend, Spend • “ the Portuguese became drunk on wealth and success. (…) the Portuguese were ostentatious, immoral, and corrupt and lorded it over locals in distant lands.” • “in Portugal we are all nobels, and having any kind of job is frowned upon.” • P. 45
Brazilian Colonial Society - Aristocratic - Patriarchal -No social mobility Pro-slavery
ProibidoouNãoestimulados Comunicaçãooucomércio com paísesestrangeiros - Atividades Industrial (sótecidospararoupasdos escravos - Proibidacirculação de moedas (utilizava-se o escambo) - Cultivo de vinha (vinho), oliveira (azeite) e trigo (pão) - evitarconcorrência com Portugal) - Entrada e residência de estrangeiros - Universidades (ensinobásico era oferecidonossemináriosreligiosos) - Imprensa e fabricação de livros (espalharidéiasrevolucionárias) - Desenvolvimento de estradas (paraevitaro contrabando de metaisetc) - Comunicação entre as províncias(paraevitar a troca de idéiasRevolucionáriase evitarrebeliões) Colonial Pact
Colonial Economy Series of “feitorias” – factories scatered along the coast from Pernambuco to São Vicente Capitanias – Captaincies (in the 1530s) – Sugar Cane plantations 1600-1650 – sugar accounted 90-95% of Brazilian export and world’s leading exporter 1670s-1680s – prices fall and competition with the Antilles (*Dutch) 1690s – gold is found 1720s – 25 tons sent to Portugal
Slave Trade Brazil received more African slaves in total than any other nation. - About 3,65 million. - The main source was Angola and the Congo.
First Look at the Question of Race in Brazil • Gilberto Freyre(1900-1987), Brazilian anthropologist known for his discussion about race in Brazil affirmed that the Portuguese were less prejudiced that other Europeans against Africans, partly because of Portugal’s long exposure to the dark skinned Moors… This idea is confronted when analyzing Portuguese writings of those times which express a distaste of the physical characteristics of Africans; “dog faced, dog toothed people, satyrs, wildmenabd cannibals.” Adapted from Thomas Skidmore, “Brazil: Five centuries of Change”
The New Republican Regime – • An Ambiguous Project of Progress, Civilization and Modernization • - Positivism saw the history of mankind as a continuous march towards progress, impelled by science. • "O Amor porprincípio e a Ordempor base; o Progresso porfim” • - Civilizatory Missions at the interior of the country. • - Reformation and Sanitation of Rio de Janeiro
Modernization to Whom? • “It cannot be denied that there were changes especially in the mentality of the elite which came to power after the proclamation of the republic. (…) Beyond that it is also necessary to enquire into the meaning of the modernity that was being preached.” (Carvalho, 149)
MODERNITY = CIVILIZATION • “When it was said that Rio was civilizing itself, the expression indicated an aristocratization of urban life, rather than its democratization. It indicated the creation of an urban space for the elites debarring the inelegant presence of poverty.” (Carvalho, 157)
- The mechanisms of control and maintenance of ‘order and progress’ developed by the republican project of modernization and designed to discipline individuals targeted not only the physical space of the city but also people’s bodies, kinship relations, morals as well as popular expressions. THE CARNAVAL – • In the later, individuals who did not follow the rules and regulations established by the new Brazilian elite were seen as ‘the other’ and excluded from the newly constructed boulevards where they used to live. For example, there were laws concerning the use of shirts, shoes and the repression of popular festivities such as ‘Festa da Penha’ and ‘Festa da Gloria’ in the remodeled Rio de Janeiro. The popular expressions of carnival were also banned from that space, while the elite started to attended private balls. In this sense, the public space of the streets of Rio becomes private by the hands of the dominant Brazilian elite who placed “the others” in a state of marginality.
