1. General Zia ul-Haq

2. Islamization • From 1979 a series of Islamic laws were introduced in Pakistan: • In 1979, a Fededral Shariat Court was set up to consider existing laws and legal judgments and decide if they were in keeping with Islamic principles. • Hudood Ordinance was promulgated on the country in 1977. According to which different punishments were prescribed for various crimes. • These were: • The offences against Property Ordinance • The offences of Zina Ordinance • The offence of Qafa Ordinance • The Prohibition Ordinance

3. A new offence of disrespect for the Holy Prophet(P.B.U.H) was introduced, with imprisonment or a fine as the punishment for offenders. • Zia also introduced the Council of Islamic Ideology to suggest ways in which the legal framework of Pakistan could be brought closer to Islamic ideology. • There was also an attempt to enforce Islamic principles in the economic field by replacing the payment of interest with profit sharing.

4. In June 1980 the Zakat Ordinance imposed a 2.5% wealth tax on savings on a certain amount. • At the same time, the Usher Ordinance imposed a 5% tax on agricultural income. Income raised under this ordinance was also paid into the Zakat fund to assist the poor. • Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies were made compulsory in schools and colleges. • Candidates appearing in Pakistan Civil Service examination were given extra marks if they had learned the Quran by heart. • Efforts were made for the promotion of Arabic language. Radio Pakistan introduce Arabic courses and a daily news bulletin in Arabic was presented on Pakistan Television.

5. Afghan case and its impact upon Pakistan in 1979 • It established Pakistan as a leading country in world politics. • It also led to huge sums of money being poured into Pakistan to pay for rehabilitation of refugees and to develop the Pakistan army. • Zia was able to increase the defence budget and built up such an effective military force that he was able to sell military assistance to other Muslim countries.

6. Pakistan became the second largest supplier of military manpower in the developing world. • In 1985 there were estimated 50,000Pakistanis serving abroad such as Saudi Arabia, Libya, Oman, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. • Karachi itself became the best naval in the region.

7. The influx of funds in the 1980s also allowed Zia to undertake a degree of economic reforms. • The funds from Western allies were matched by even larger amounts being remitted to Pakistan by workers overseas. • His government denationalized many of the companies, some were returned to former owners, others were sold to new investors.

8. Laws were passed that stated that industries could not be nationalized in future except in exceptional circumstances, with fair compensation paid to the owners. • Pakistan’s annual growth in the GNP was 6.2%, the highest in the world.

9. Law and Government • Zia passed several laws that restricted the power of courts. • The constitution Act(amendment) of 1979 established military courts to try offenders according to Martial law. • In March 1980 the Provisional Constitutional Order took away the right of the courts to challenge any political executive decision. • When 19 judges protested, they were removed and replaced by those who accepted the Order.

10. The civil service which Zia had also declared should be impartial, was also brought under military control. • Zia filled many posts with military officers and a fixed quota of military men was transferred into the Civil Service Academy each year. • The military nature of his government was further emphasized by the fact that by 1982 40% of Pakistan’s ambassadors abroad were military men.

11. He formed Majlis-e- Shoora, the Islamic Parliament, to advise him on his government. However, the members were appointed by Zia and they had no legislative powers, so it was not really an effective parliament. • Zia made so many amendments in the constitution which made his position strong even after lifting up of the martial law.

12. Which included the following: • All previous acts of the martial law period became law, with no right of appeal. • The president could appoint the prime minister, governors of the provinces and other officials. • The president could dismiss the prime minister and National Assembly.