Age of Revolutions & Rebellions

1. Age of Revolutions & Rebellions SSWH 14

2. Absolutism • A type of government in which a ruler has total power • Monarchy • Complete authority over all subjects • Divine Right of Kings

3. Tsar Peter the Great • Russia • 1689-1725 • Used Europe as model for Russia • Russia was behind technologically & economically • Sent people to learn new skills • Forced nobility to dress, act like Europeans • Built new capital at St. Petersburg

4. Peter’s Policies • Wanted to be a European power • Expanded borders (all of eastern Asia, Alaska, California) • Created a central bureaucracy which he tightly controlled • Brought Eastern Orthodox Church under his control • Gave privileges to nobles in return for service • Tax exemption • Reorganized army and started a navy • Demanded compliance with his laws and orders

5. Legacy of Peter the Great • Stronger foreign affairs because Russia was in mainstream Europe • Domestic problems • Broke with traditional Eastern Orthodox culture that was a unifier between nobility & peasants • Tax burden was on the peasants • Atmosphere of fear

6. Charles I of England

7. Louis XIV • France • 1643-1715 • From 1643-1661, government was actually led by his mother and chief minister, Jules Cardinal Mazarin (an Italian financier).

8. “Sun King” – source of light for the people • “l’etat, cest moi” – I am the state • Wanted strong monarchy because he inherited a kingdom that was internally divided, militarily exhausted, and nearly bankrupt. • left to his heirs the greatest power in the Western world.

9. Built Versailles • Demonstrate wealth, power & glory of France • Personal household of king • Chief offices of the state (keep an eye on work) • Royal court where people came to seek favor

13. Policies of Louis XIV • Biggest Threat: high nobles and royal princes. • To combat this: • removed them from royal council • kept them busy with court life • Freed them from taxation • In return, nobles gave Louis absolute power

14. Policies of Louis XIV continued • Chose advisors from middle class • Middle class felt included, so it kept them from revolting • Demanded that administrators obeyed his commands • Complete authority over church, foreign policy, and taxes. • Bribed local nobles and officials to see his policies enforced.

15. Policies of Louis XIV continued… • Persecuted Protestant Huguenots • Maintained large standing army • Aggressive in foreign affairs • Made many enemies

16. Legacy of Louis XIV • Culture flourished • Financial ruin • Smaller tax base & large expenses in building & war • Power hungry nobility with no ability/ knowledge of how to rule. • Unhappy middle class/peasant class

17. Leading up to the English Revolution • Charles I • 1628 – petition that prohibited taxation without Parliament’s consent. • Charles began to reject it because it limited his power. • Charles began to impose more Catholic rituals into Church of England • Led to many religious refugees • Finally led to Civil War in 1642

18. Leading up to the English Revolution • Parliament supporters won the civil war thanks to military leadership of Oliver Cromwell. • Eventually Cromwell took over power • Executed Charles I • Disbanned Parliament • Created military dictatorship • After Cromwell’s death (1658), Parliament restarts, and king (Charles II) is put on throne 1660.

19. English Revolution (1689) • Causes • Absolutist James II (Catholic) took over throne in 1685 • Did not allow free worship • Parliament waiting for him to die so his daughter, Mary (Protestant) could take over since James had no son. • 1688, James had a son. • Parliament then united against James and invited Mary & her husband William to take the throne from James. • James had no support, so he fled the country • Called the Glorious Revolution (no blood shed)

20. Results • William & Mary took over & promised to rule by Parliament’s rule • William & Mary agreed to Bill of Rights • King could not raise taxes • King could not maintain army without Parliament consent • Rule of Law • Freely elected Parliament • Guaranteed certain individual rights • Trial by jury • No cruel & unusual punishment • Limited bail • Act of Settlement (1701) – kept any Catholic from becoming king/queen of England again

21. American Revolution (1776) • Causes • French & Indian War • Proclamation of 1763 • Enforcement of Navigation Acts of 1660 • Series of acts (Sugar, Quartering, Stamp, Townshend, Tea, Intolerable) • Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, 1st Continental Congress

22. Results • US gained independence from England • Formed its own government based on Enlightenment writings • Inspired other countries to fight tyranny & form governments similar to the US.

23. French Revolution (1789) • Causes • Inequalities of class system • 1st estate – clergy • 2nd estate – aristocracy (nobles) • 3rd estate – commoners (peasants, skilled workers, & bourgeoisie) • Financial crisis • Spent lots of money on wars and court expenses • Called for an Estates-General (Parliament) to address the needs

24. From Estates-General to National Assembly • All three estates were part of the Estates-General and votes were one per estate • 1st & 2nd estate could veto 3rd estate • 3rd estate wanted 1 vote per representative • King said no • 3rd estate created National Assembly & wrote a constitution.

25. While king was acting to stop the 3rd estate, commoners stormed the Bastille in Paris • Royal troops abandoned Louis XVI, who fled to Versailles • Rebellions took place throughout France rooted in the long-hated landholding system.

26. Effects • National Assembly became the legislature of France • Took away old feudal dues & taxation privileges. • Declared all male citizens could hold office. • Composed Declaration of the Right of Man and of Citizen • Used Enlightenment thought: Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau • All men equal before law • Freedom of speech, press, and religion

27. Effects • 1791 – French adopted new Constitution based on Declaration of Right • Church became controlled by state • Monarchy’s influenced declined • Louis XVI was basically held prisoner in Paris.

28. French Revolution went into Radical stage • Paris Commune (a group of political radicals) took over Legislative Assembly & forced it to hold a Convention to decide future of France • Abolished the monarchy & beheaded Louis XVI • Angered many French outside of Paris & royalty throughout Europe. • Established a Committee of Public Safety – to protect France from “Foreign & Domestic Threats”

29. Committee on Public Safety – 12 people • Led to Reign of Terror • Leader was Maximilien Robespierre • Executing any who rebelled against the radical National Convention • Raised by decree a huge army of over 1 million to end threat of foreign invasion • An army of the people, not an army of professional soldiers • Ended with the execution of Robespierre

30. After Reign of Terror, National Convention reduced power of Committee of Public Safety and created a new constitution in 1795 • New legislative assembly – 2 houses (Council of 500 & Council of Elders) • Directory (5 leaders chosen as executives to rule France with Legislative Assembly) • 1795-1799 - was corrupt & unhappy • Ended by coup d'état & Napoleon Bonaparte

31. Napoleon Bonaparte • Rise to power • At the French Revolution, the government in power was the Legislative Assembly and the Directory • Unpopular & corrupt • Napoleon had won fame & popularity as a successful military leader • 1799 – Napoleon returned to France because he had heard of the problems internally

32. Joined in a successful coup d'état against the Directory • Set up a new Constitution • Republic with 3 consuls • Napoleon became first consul quickly • 1802 – Napoleon named himself Consul for life and was approved by popular vote. • Established a dictatorship • Napoleonic Code – wrote based on Enlightenment ideas, but state was above individual

33. Recognized Catholicism as majority religion in France, but allowed toleration • Expanded the French borders • Used family members to rule new territory • Abolished Holy Roman Empire & established Confederation of the Rhine

34. Defeat • Attacked Russia because they betrayed him by resuming trade with Great Britain • Attacked in winter • Met little resistance at first • In Moscow, Russians attacked & Napoleon suffered very high casualties. • Other enemies of Napoleon saw this weakness and took the opportunity to attack too

35. Surrendered in March 1814 • Louis XVIII was put back on throne • Napoleon exiled to Elba • Napoleon returned to France from exile in March 1815 & recaptured power for 100 days. • Defeated for good at the Battle of Waterloo by armies of Prussia, Great Britain, and the Netherlands in June of 1815 • Exiled again, this time to St. Helena where he died

37. Legacy • Ended the revolution in France • Spread the Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe • equality before law • Religious toleration • Advancement on merit • Improved standards of government • Reformed tax system • Promoted education • Improved agriculture & industry

38. Gave the people a taste of freedom outside absolute monarchy • Consequences for Europe • Congress of Vienna • New borders in Europe • Monarchies restored

39. Haiti Revolution (1791) • Causes • French colonized as a farming/plantation economy • Mistreated slaves • Francois Toussaint-Louverture led slaves in a revolt against owners. • It was an on-going revolt for 13 years.

40. Results • 1802 – Napoleon sent troops to put down revolt • Louveture was imprisoned in France • Yellow fever ravages French army • Haiti gained control and won independence in 1804

41. Latin America Revolutions • Causes: • Enlightenment thinking • Countries of Latin America heard of the successful revolutions in other countries: (Britain, France, United States, Haiti) • Gave them confidence to try to gain their own independence and protect individual rights too.