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Learning: Classical Conditioning

Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning. Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning – rewards and punishment; A VOLUNTARY behavior is determined by the anticipation of something that FOLLOWS it. Which is which?.

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Learning: Classical Conditioning

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  1. Learning:Classical Conditioning

  2. Associative Learning • Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it • Operant conditioning – rewards and punishment; A VOLUNTARY behavior is determined by the anticipation of something that FOLLOWS it.

  3. Which is which? 1. A child is attacked by a dog. The child now fears all dogs. 2. You do your homework every night to get good grades and avoid getting in trouble from your teachers and parents. Classical – involuntary, stimulus precedes behavior Operant – voluntary, stimulus follows behavior

  4. Ivan Pavlov’s Experiments • Unbeknownst to most students of psychology, Pavlov’s first experiment was to ring a bell and cause his dog to attack Freud’s cat.

  5. It’s time for an in-class experiment! The Lemonade Powder Experiment

  6. Ivan Pavlov’s Experiments • Pavlov paired a neutral stimulus (a bell) with a meat powder (which made the dog salivate). • Eventually, dog salivates to bell alone

  7. The Experimental Design

  8. Identifying Parts Neutral Stimulus – a stimulus that does not initially elicity any part of the unconditioned response Bell Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Meat powder Unconditioned Response (UCR) Salivation Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Bell Conditioned Response (CR) Salivation * Hint: replace “conditioned” with “learned” to make it more intuitive.

  9. Little Albert • John Watson – famous behavioralist • Little Albert – 11 month old orphan • Showed him a white rat. No fear. • Made a loud noise. Albert cried. • Showed him a white rat and made a loud noise. Albert cried. Repeated several times. • Eventually Albert cried at white rat alone.

  10. Identify the parts • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • Loud noise • Unconditioned Response (UCR) • Fear/crying • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • White rat • Conditioned Response (CR) • Fear/crying

  11. Watson’s Views “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates for the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years.” (1930)

  12. Definitions • Acquisition – initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship (learning that bell means meat powder) • Extinction – diminished response to the conditioned stimulus when it is no longer coupled with UCS. (stop giving meat powder with bell and dog will stop salivating to bell) • Spontaneousrecovery – reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest. • Generalization – the tendency to respond to any stimuli similar to the CS (Dog salivates to other noises) • Discrimination – the ability to distinguish between the CS and similar stimuli (Dog only salivates to specific tone)

  13. Application to Little Albert • If Little Albert generalized, what would we expect to happen? • He might cry at the sight of similar objects (he did – rabbit, dog, sealskin coat, some rumors – Santa’s beard) • How could we teach Little Albert to discriminate? • Continually expose him to stimuli similar to the rat, but only make the loud noise when exposing him to the rat • How could Little Albert’s conditioning be extinguished? • Continually expose him to a white rat without making the loud noise (unfortunately, this was never done because Little Albert was adopted soon after the original experiments (he would be 83 now if he is still alive – probably scared of rats!) • If Little Albert is still alive, his fear of white rats is likely to have been extinguished (no loud noise when he sees a rat). However, occasionally, when he sees a rat, he may find that his heart races for a second or two. What is this called? • Spontaneous recovery

  14. Cognitive Processes • It was once thought that cognitive processes weren’t involved in classical conditioning. Now we know better. For example, therapists give alcoholics drink containing a nausea-producing drug to condition them to avoid alcohol. Because clients KNOW that the drug is what is actually causing the nausea, it doesn’t work so well.

  15. Biological Predispositions It was once believed that conditioning occurred the same in all animals (and therefore you could study human behavior by studying any animal) and that you could associate any neutral stimulus with a response. Not so. Animals have biological predispositions to associating certain stimuli over others • Example – You eat a novel food and later get sick. You will be conditioned to associate the taste of the FOOD with getting sick (and thus avoid that food in the future), but NOT the music playing in the restaurant, the plate it was served on, or the perfume your neighbor was wearing. • It is much easier to condition someone to have a fear of snake than of flowers. • Birds hunt by sight and will more quickly become conditioned to the SIGHT of tainted food

  16. Cancer patients and chemotherapy. • Cancer patients tend to associate the nausea produced by chemotherapy with the hospital setting. • UCS • chemotherapy • UCR • nausea • CS • hospital • CR • nausea

  17. Taste Aversion Questionnaire 1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 3 - - - - - 4 - - - - - 5 - - - - - 6 - - - - 7 - - - - - 8 - - - - - 9 - - - - - 10 Dislike extremely Neutral Like extremely • Imagine a bowl of your favorite soup, one that would be a perfect 10. • Now imagine that the soup was served to you in an ordinary bowl, but had been stirred by a thoroughly washed, used flyswatter. How much would you like to eat the soup? • If that flyswatter were brand new, how much would you like to eat the soup?

  18. Taste Aversion Questionnaire 1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 3 - - - - - 4 - - - - - 5 - - - - - 6 - - - - 7 - - - - - 8 - - - - - 9 - - - - - 10 Dislike extremely Neutral Like extremely • If the soup was first stirred with a thoroughly washed but used comb, how much would you like to eat it? • If the soup was served in a thoroughly washed, used dog bowl, how much would you like to eat it?

  19. Taste Aversion Questionnaire 1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 3 - - - - - 4 - - - - - 5 - - - - - 6 - - - - 7 - - - - - 8 - - - - - 9 - - - - - 10 Dislike extremely Neutral Like extremely • Now fantasize about your favorite cookie, again one that would rate a perfect 10. • How much would you like to eat this cookie if you’d dropped it on the grass first? • How much would you like to eat it if a waiter had taken a bite first? An acquaintance? A good friend?

  20. Taste Aversion Questionnaire 1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 3 - - - - - 4 - - - - - 5 - - - - - 6 - - - - 7 - - - - - 8 - - - - - 9 - - - - - 10 Dislike extremely Neutral Like extremely • If the soup was first stirred with a thoroughly washed but used comb, how much would you like to eat it? • If the soup was served in a thoroughly washed, used dog bowl, how much would you like to eat it?

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