DIFFERENTIATION RULES

1. 3 DIFFERENTIATION RULES

2. DIFFERENTIATION RULES 3.6Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions • In this section, we: • use implicit differentiation to find the derivatives of • the logarithmic functionsand, in particular, • the natural logarithmic function.

3. DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS • An example of a logarithmic function is: y =loga x • An example of a natural logarithmic function is: y =ln x

4. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS • It can be proved that logarithmic functions are differentiable. • This is certainly plausible from their graphs.

5. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS Formula 1—Proof • Let y = logax. • Then, ay = x. • Differentiating this equation implicitly with respect to x, using Formula 5 in Section 3.4, we get: • So,

6. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS Formula 2 • If we put a = e in Formula 1, then the factor on the right side becomes ln e =1and we get the formula for the derivative of the natural logarithmic function loge x =ln x.

7. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS • By comparing Formulas 1 and 2, we see one of the main reasons why natural logarithms (logarithms with base e) are used in calculus: • The differentiation formula is simplest when a = e becauseln e =1.

8. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS Example 1 • Differentiate y = ln(x3 + 1). • To use the Chain Rule, we let u = x3+1. • Then y =ln u. • So,

9. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS Formula 3 • In general, if we combine Formula 2 with the Chain Rule, as in Example 1, we get:

10. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS Example 2 • Find . • Using Formula 3, we have:

11. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS Example 3 • Differentiate . • This time, the logarithm is the inner function. • So, the Chain Rule gives:

12. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS Example 4 • Differentiate f(x) = log10(2 + sin x). • Using Formula 1 with a = 10, we have:

13. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS E. g. 5—Solution 1 • Find .

14. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS E. g. 5—Solution 2 • If we first simplify the given function using the laws of logarithms, then the differentiation becomes easier: • This answer can be left as written. • However, if we used a common denominator, it would give the same answer as in Solution 1.

15. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS Example 6 • Find f ’(x) if f(x) = ln |x|. • Since it follows that • Thus, f ’(x) = 1/x for all x ≠ 0.

16. DERIVATIVES OF LOG FUNCTIONS Equation 4 • The result of Example 6 is worth remembering:

17. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION • The calculation of derivatives of complicated functions involving products, quotients, or powers can often be simplified by taking logarithms. • The method used in the following example is called logarithmic differentiation.

18. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION Example 7 • Differentiate • We take logarithms of both sides of the equation and use the Laws of Logarithms to simplify:

19. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION Example 7 • Differentiating implicitly with respect to x gives: • Solving for dy / dx, we get:

20. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION Example 7 • Since we have an explicit expression for y, we can substitute and write:

21. STEPS IN LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION • Take natural logarithms of both sides of an equation y = f(x) and use the Laws of Logarithms to simplify. • Differentiate implicitly with respect to x. • Solve the resulting equation for y’.

22. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION • If f(x)<0for some values of x,thenln f(x)is not defined. • However, we can write |y| = |f(x)| and use Equation 4. • We illustrate this procedure by proving the general version of the Power Rule—as promised in Section 3.1.

23. THE POWER RULE PROOF • If n is any real number and f(x) = xn,then • Let y = xnand use logarithmic differentiation: • Thus, • Hence,

24. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION • You should distinguish carefully between: • The Power Rule [(xn)’= nxn-1], where the base is variable and the exponent is constant • The rule for differentiating exponential functions [(ax)’=ax ln a], where the base is constant and the exponent is variable

25. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION • In general, there are four cases for exponents and bases:

26. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION E. g. 8—Solution 1 • Differentiate . • Using logarithmic differentiation, we have:

27. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION E. g. 8—Solution 2 • Another method is to write .

28. THE NUMBER e AS A LIMIT • We have shown that, if f(x) =ln x,then f ’(x) =1/x. • Thus, f ’(1) = 1. • Now, we use this fact to express the number eas a limit.

29. THE NUMBER e AS A LIMIT • From the definition of a derivative as a limit, we have:

30. THE NUMBER e AS A LIMIT Formula 5 • As f ’(1) = 1, we have • Then, by Theorem 8 in Section 2.5 and the continuity of the exponential function, we have:

31. THE NUMBER e AS A LIMIT • Formula 5 is illustrated by the graph of the function y =(1 + x)1/x here and a table of values for small values of x.

32. THE NUMBER e AS A LIMIT • This illustrates the fact that, correct to seven decimal places, e ≈2.7182818

33. THE NUMBER e AS A LIMIT Formula 6 • If we put n = 1/x in Formula 5, then n → ∞as x → 0+. • So, an alternative expression for e is: