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Mapping the Economic Contribution of Women Entrepreneurs. Kathie L. Court, PhD Fellow, Institute for Social Innovation Fielding Graduate University June 2013. This research was supported in part by a scholarship from Human and Organization Development, Fielding Graduate University .
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Mapping the Economic Contribution of Women Entrepreneurs Kathie L. Court, PhD Fellow, Institute for Social Innovation Fielding Graduate University June 2013 This research was supported in part by a scholarship from Human and Organization Development, Fielding Graduate University.
*2007 Survey of Business Owners Summaries of Findings - Survey of Business Owners - Women-owned Firms: 2007
Purpose of Study • to discover and describe the economic contribution of businesses established by women entrepreneurs who graduated from Microenterprise Assistance Programs (MEPs) • to seek new ways in which the contribution of one group of women entrepreneurs might be demonstrated • to develop new questions or hypotheses
Significance of Study • Changes the nature of questions asked about women entrepreneurs and the methodology used to answer them • Is a source of data to sustain and increase financial support for Microenterprise Assistance Programs.
Theoretical Perspective • 1961 – Chinitz – New York ‘s Culture of Entrepreneurship • 1973- Schmacher – Importance of small business ownership • 2008 – Mitchell – economic development powered by entrepreneurship • 2010 – Glaeser et al – lack of scholarly literature to support entrepreneurs’ contribution to economic well-being
Theoretical Perspective (cont.) • 2002 – Prahalad and Hammond – pyramid approach to marketing to the poor • 2005 – Smith – indicators of a successful business not taken into account
Economic Geography • Schweitzer et al. (2009) - network topology may illuminate more than a standard statistical economic approach • Krugman (1995) - Economic geographers create “schematic descriptions of the data” • Harvey (2008) - “maps and geographic information are essential to how we know the world”
Methods Similar to : • Audretsch et al. (2006) – examined the spatial distribution of entrepreneurial capital • Welter and Trettin (2006) – depicted the network structures that supported women entrepreneurship • Li and Mitchell (2009) examined geographical distribution of Chinese industrial enterprises
Low Resource Women Graduates 1991-2009 This map illustrates the location of over 900 low resource women graduates who participated from 1991 to 2009. Of these graduates, at the time they graduated, 62% lived within the City of Baltimore. Their training was funded by federal government grants
Laid-off Women Graduates 1999-2009 This map illustrates the location of over 600 laid off women graduated from the MEP’s program from 1999 to 2009. The fact that their training was a state-funded program may explain the distribution of graduates throughout the state of Maryland.
Business Expenses • Are payments made to establish and support the business • Insert money into a community’s economic system that influences that system downstream • Were aggregated by zip code of the entity that received the payment
Conclusions and Next Steps • Economic contribution of women entrepreneurs can be mapped using their business expenses • How might the results be different with another group of entrepreneurs? • How might policymakers use this methodology to examine business development programs?
I welcome any questions or commentsat:kcourt@email.fielding.edu
References 2007 Survey of Business Owners summaries of findings - Survey of Business Owners - women-owned firms: 2007. (2012, November 16). Retrieved May 6, 2013, from http://www.census.gov/econ/sbo/getsof.html?07women Audretsch, D. B., Keilbach, M. C., & Lehmann, E. E. (2006). Entrepreneurship and economic growth. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Glaeser, E., Rosenthal, S., & Strange, W. (2010). Urban economics and entrepreneurship. Journal of Urban Economics, 67(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jue.2009.10.005 Glaeser, E. L. (2000). The new economics of urban and regional growth. In G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldman & M. Gertler (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of economic geography (pp. 83-98). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
References (cont.) Grameen America's impact. (2013). Retrieved May 6, 2013, from http://grameenamerica.org/impact Harvey, F. (2008). A primer of GIS: Fundamental geographic and cartographic concepts. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Krugman, P. (1995). Development, geography, and economic theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Li, X., & Mitchell, R. K. (2009). The Pace and Stability of Small Enterprise Innovation in Highly Dynamic Economies: A China-Based Template. Journal of Small Business Management, 47(3), 370-397. Lowrey, Y. (2006). Women in business: A demographic review of women's business ownership. Washington, DC: U.S. Small Business Administration.
References (cont.) Lowrey, Y., & Tobias, K. (2011). Developments in women-owned business, 1997-2007. Washington, DC. Lowrey, Y. L. (2004). Business density, entrepreneurship and economic well-being. SSRN eLibrary. Mitchell, R. K. (2008, January). Entrepreneurial cognition research and economic development. Paper presented at the USASBE, San Antonio, TX. Prahalad, C. K., & Hammond, A. (2002). Serving the world's poor, profitably. Harvard Business Review, 80(9), 48-57. Retrieved from https://fgul.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/227812122?accountid=10868
References (cont.) Sanders, C. K. (2002). The impact of microenterprise assistance programs: A comparative study of program participants, nonparticipants, and other low-wage workers. Social Service Review, 76(2), 321-340. Schweitzer, F., Fagiolo, G., Sornette, D., Vega-Redondo, F., Vespignani, A., & White, D. R. (2009). Economic networks: The new challenges. Science, 325(5939), 422-425. doi: 10.1126/science.1173644 Slocum, T. A., McMaster, R. B., Kessler, F. C., & Howard, H. H. (2009). Thematic cartography and geovisualization (3rd International ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
References (cont.) Smith, C. A. (2005). Market women: Black women entrepreneurs: Past, present, and future. Westport, CT: Praeger. Welter, F., & Trettin, L. (2006). The spatial embeddedness of networks for women entrepreneurs. In M. Fritsch & J. Schmude (Eds.), Entrepreneurship in the region (pp. 35-59). New York, NY: Springer. Yeung, H. W.-c. (2009). Transnationalizing entrepreneurship: A critical agenda for economic geography. Progress in Human Geography, 33(2), 210-235. doi: 10.1177/0309132508096032