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 PROGRAM OF “PHYSICS”

 PROGRAM OF “PHYSICS”. Lecturer : Dr. DO Xuan Hoi Room 413 E-mail : dxhoi@hcmiu.edu.vn. PHYSICS 2 (FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL PHYSICS). 02 credits (30 periods) Chapter 1 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 2 Heat, Temperature and the Zero th Law of Thermodynamics

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 PROGRAM OF “PHYSICS”

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  1.  PROGRAM OF “PHYSICS” Lecturer:Dr. DO Xuan Hoi Room 413 E-mail : dxhoi@hcmiu.edu.vn

  2. PHYSICS 2 (FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL PHYSICS) 02 credits (30 periods) Chapter 1 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 2 Heat, Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Heat, Work and the First Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 4 The Kinetic Theory of Gases Chapter 5 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

  3. References : Halliday D., Resnick R. and Walker, J. (2005), Fundamentals of Physics, Extended seventh edition. John Willey and Sons, Inc. Alonso M. and Finn E.J. (1992). Physics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Hecht, E. (2000). Physics. Calculus, Second Edition. Brooks/Cole. Faughn/Serway (2006), Serway’s College Physics, Brooks/Cole. Roger Muncaster (1994), A-Level Physics, Stanley Thornes.

  4. http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm http://www.opensourcephysics.org/index.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/HFrame.html http://www.practicalphysics.org/go/Default.html http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/ http://www.iop.org/index.html . . .

  5. Ideal Gases, Experimental Laws and the Equation of State Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas The Equipartition of Energy The Boltzmann Distribution Law The Distribution of Molecular Speeds Mean Free Path The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas CHAPTER 4 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

  6. 1. Ideal Gases, Experimental Laws and the Equation of State1.1 Notions • Properties of gases • A gas does not have a fixed volume or pressure • In a container, the gas expands to fill the container • Ideal gas • Collection of atoms or molecules that move randomly • Molecules exert no long-range force on one another • Molecules occupy a negligible fraction of the volume of their container • Most gases at room temperature and pressure behave approximately as an ideal gas

  7. 1.2 Moles • It’s convenient to express the amount of gas in a given volume in terms of the number of moles, n • One mole is the amount of the substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12

  8. 1.3 Avogadro’s Hypothesis “Equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure contain the same numbers of molecules” • Corollary: At standard temperature and pressure, one mole quantities of all gases contain the same number of molecules • This number is called NA • Can also look at the total number of particles: The number of particles in a mole is called Avogadro’s Number NA=6.02 x 1023 particles / mole The mass of an individual atom :

  9. The Hope diamond (44.5 carats) is almost pure carbon and the Rosser Reeves (138 carats) is primarily aluminum oxide (Al2O3). One carat is equivalent to a mass of 0.200 g. Determine (a) the number of carbon atoms in the Hope diamond and (b) the number of Al2O3 molecules in the ruby Rosser Reeves. PROBLEM 1 SOLUTION (a) The mass of the Hope diamond : The number of moles in the Hope diamond : The number of carbon atoms in the Hope diamond :

  10. The Hope diamond (44.5 carats) is almost pure carbon and the Rosser Reeves (138 carats) is primarily aluminum oxide (Al2O3). One carat is equivalent to a mass of 0.200 g. Determine (a) the number of carbon atoms in the Hope diamond and (b) the number of Al2O3 molecules in the ruby Rosser Reeves. PROBLEM 1 SOLUTION (b) The mass of the Rosser Reeves : Molecular mass : The number of moles in the Rosser Reeves :

  11. The Hope diamond (44.5 carats) is almost pure carbon and the Rosser Reeves (138 carats) is primarily aluminum oxide (Al2O3). One carat is equivalent to a mass of 0.200 g. Determine (a) the number of carbon atoms in the Hope diamond and (b) the number of Al2O3 molecules in the ruby Rosser Reeves. PROBLEM 1 SOLUTION (b) The number of Al2O3 molecules in the Rosser Reeves :

  12. 1.4 Experimental Laws  Boyle’s Law Experiment : Conclusion : When the gas is kept at a constant temperature, its pressure is inversely proportional to its volume(Boyle’s law)

  13.  Charles’ Law Experiment : Conclusion : At a constant pressure, the temperature is directly proportional to the volume(Charles’ law) ( C : constant )

  14.  Gay-Lussac’s Law Experiment : Conclusion : At a constant volume, the temperature is directly proportional to the pressure(Gay-Lussac’ law) ( C : constant )

  15. 1.5 Equation of State for an Ideal Gas T = const  Boyle’s law : Gay-Lussac’ law : V = constant  Charles’ law : P = const   The number of moles n of a substance of mass m (g) : (M : molar mass-g/mol)  Equation of state for an ideal gas : (Ideal gas law) T : absolute temperature in kelvins R : a universal constant that is the same for all gasesR =8.315 J/mol.K

  16.  Definition of an Ideal Gas : “An ideal gas is one for which PV/nT is constant atall pressures”  Total number of molecules : With Boltzmann’s constant :  Ideal gas law :

  17. Ideal gas law for an quantity of gas:

  18. Test An ideal gas is confined to a container with constant volume. The number of moles is constant. By what factor will the pressure change if the absolute temperature triples? a. 1/9 b. 1/3 c. 3.0 d. 9.0

  19. PROBLEM 2 An ideal gas occupies a volume of 100cm3 at 20°C and 100 Pa. (a) Find the number of moles of gas in the container (b) How many molecules are in the container? SOLUTION (a) The number of moles of gas : (b) The number molecules in the container :

  20. PROBLEM 3 A certain scuba tank is designed to hold 66 ft3 of air when it is at atmospheric pressure at 22°C. When this volume of air is compressed to an absolute pressure of 3 000 lb/in.2 and stored in a 10-L (0.35-ft3) tank, the air becomes so hot that the tank must be allowed to cool before it can be used. (a) If the air does not cool, what is its temperature? (Assume that the air behaves like an ideal gas.) SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) (a) The number of moles n remains constant :

  21. PROBLEM 3 A certain scuba tank is designed to hold 66 ft3 of air when it is at atmospheric pressure at 22°C. When this volume of air is compressed to an absolute pressure of 3 000 lb/in.2 and stored in a 10-L (0.35-ft3) tank, the air becomes so hot that the tank must be allowed to cool before it can be used. (b)What is the air temperature in degrees Celsius and in degrees Fahrenheit? (b) 45.9°C; 115°F.

  22. A sculpa consists of a 0.0150 m3 tank filled with compressed air at a pressure of 2.02107 Pa. Assume that air is consumed at a rate of 0.0300 m3 per minute and that the temperature is the same at all depths, determine how long the diver can stay under seawater at a depth of (a) 10.0 m and (b) 30.0 m The density of seawater is  = 1025 kg/m3. PROBLEM 4 SOLUTION (a) The volume available for breathing :

  23. A sculpa consists of a 0.0150 m3 tank filled with compressed air at a pressure of 2.02107 Pa. Assume that air is consumed at a rate of 0.0300 m3 per minute and that the temperature is the same at all depths, determine how long the diver can stay under seawater at a depth of (a) 10.0 m and (b) 30.0 m The density of seawater is  = 1025 kg/m3. PROBLEM 4 SOLUTION (a) The compressed air will last for : (b) The deeper dive must have a shorter duration

  24. PROBLEM 5 A spray can containing a propellant gas at twice atmospheric pressure (202 kPa) and having a volume of 125 cm3 is at 22°C. It is then tossed into an open fire. When the temperature of the gas in the can reaches 195°C, what is the pressure inside the can? Assume any change in the volume of the can is negligible. SOLUTION The number of moles n remains constant : Because the initial and final volumes of the gas are assumed to be equal :

  25. PROBLEM 6 An ideal gas at 20.0OC at a pressure of 1.50 105 Pa when has a number of moles of 6.1610-2 mol. (a) Find the volume of the gas. SOLUTION (a) The volume :

  26. PROBLEM 6 An ideal gas at 20.0OC at a pressure of 1.50 105 Pa when has a number of moles of 6.1610-2 mol. (b) The gas expands to twice its original volume, while the pressure falls to atmospheric pressure. Find the final temperature. SOLUTION (a) The volume : (b)

  27. A beachcomber finds a corked bottle containing a message. The air in the bottle is at the atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 30.0OC. The cork has the cross-sectional area of 2.30 cm3. The beachcomber places the bottle over a fire, figuring the increased pressure will pushout the cork. At a temperature of 99oC the cork is ejected from the bottle PROBLEM 7 (a) What was the the pressure in the bottle just before the cork left it ? SOLUTION (a) Message in a bottle found 24 years later - Yahoo!7

  28. A beachcomber finds a corked bottle containing a message. The air in the bottle is at the atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 30.0OC. The cork has the cross-sectional area of 2.30 cm3. The beachcomber places the bottle over a fire, figuring the increased pressure will pushout the cork. At a temperature of 99oC the cork is ejected from the bottle PROBLEM 7 (b) What force of friction held the cork in place? SOLUTION (b)

  29. PROBLEM 8 A room of volume 60.0 m3 contains air having an equivalent molar mass of 29.0 g/mol. If the temperature of the room is raised from 17.0°C to 37.0°C, what mass of air (in kilograms) will leave the room? Assume that the air pressure in the room is maintained at 101 kPa. SOLUTION

  30. 2Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas 2.1 Assumptions of the molecular model of an ideal gas A container with volume V contains a very large number N of identical molecules, each with mass m. The molecules behave as point particles; their size is small in comparison to the average distance between particles and to the dimensions of the container. The molecules are in constant motion; they obey Newton's laws of motion. Each molecule collides occasionally with a wall of the container. These collisions are perfectly elastic. Brownian motion A particle having a brownian motion inside a polymer like network The container walls are perfectly rigid and infinitely massive and do not move.

  31. 2.2 Collisions and Gas Pressure Consider a cubical box with sides of length d containing an ideal gas. The molecule shown moves with velocity v. Consider the collision of one molecule moving with a velocity v toward the right-hand face of the box Elastic collision with the wall  Its x component of momentum is reversed, while its y component remains unchanged : The average force exerted on the molecule : The average force exerted by the molecule on the wall :

  32. The total force F exerted by all the molecules on the wall : The average value of the square of the velocity in the x direction for N molecules : The total pressure exerted on the wall:

  33. The equation of state for an ideal gas : Temperature is a direct measure of average molecular kinetic energy The average translational kinetic energy per molecule is Each degree of freedom contributes to the energy of a system: (the theorem of equipartition of energy)

  34. The total translational kinetic energy of N molecules of gas : The number of moles of gas : Boltzmann’s constant  Assume: Ideal gas is a monatomic gas (which has individual atoms rather than molecules: helium, neon, or argon) and the internal energy Eint of ideal gas is simply the sum of the translational kinetic energies of its atoms

  35.  The root-mean-square(rms) speed of the molecules : M is the molar mass in kilograms per mole : M = mNA

  36. Five gas molecules chosen at random are found to have speeds of 500, 600,700, 800, and 900 m/s. Find the rms speed. Is it the same as the average speed? PROBLEM 9 SOLUTION In general, vrms and vav are not the same.

  37. A tank used for filling helium balloons has a volume of 0.300 m3 and contains 2.00 mol of helium gas at 20.0°C. Assuming that the helium behaves like an ideal gas, (a) what is the total translational kinetic energy of the molecules of the gas? PROBLEM 10 SOLUTION (a)

  38. A tank used for filling helium balloons has a volume of 0.300 m3 and contains 2.00 mol of helium gas at 20.0°C. Assuming that the helium behaves like an ideal gas, (b) What is the average kinetic energy per molecule? (c) Using the fact that the molar mass of helium is 4.00103 kg/mol, determine the rms speed of the atoms at 20.0°C. PROBLEM 10 SOLUTION (b) (c)

  39. (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of a molecule of an ideal gas at a temperature of 27°C ? (b) What is the total random translational kinetic energy of the molecules in 1 mole of this gas? (c) What is the root-mean-square speed of oxygen molecules at this temperature ? PROBLEM 11 SOLUTION (a) (b)

  40. (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of a molecule of an ideal gas at a temperature of 27°C ? (b) What is the total random translational kinetic energy of the molecules in 1 mole of this gas? (c) What is the root-mean-square speed of oxygen molecules at this temperature ? PROBLEM 11 SOLUTION (c)

  41. (a) A deuteron, 21H, is the nucleus of a hydrogen isotope and consists of one proton and one neutron. The plasma of deuterons in a nuclear fusion reactor must be heated to about 300 million K. What is the rms speed of the deuterons? Is this a significant fraction of the speed of light (c = 3.0 x 108 m/s) ? (b) What would the temperature of the plasma be if the deuterons had an rms speed equal to 0.10c ? PROBLEM 12 SOLUTION

  42. 2.3The Boltzmann Distribution Law The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution function Law of Exponential Atmospheres Consider the distribution of molecules in our atmosphere : Determine how the number of molecules per unit volume varies with altitude Consider an atmospheric layer of thickness dy and cross-sectional area A, having N particles. The air is in static equilibrium : where nV is the number density.  From the equation of state :

  43. The Boltzmann distribution law : the probability of finding the molecules in a particular energy state varies exponentially as the negative of the energy divided by kBT.

  44. What is the number density of air at an altitude of 11.0 km (the cruising altitude of a commercial jetliner) compared with its number density at sea level? Assume that the air temperature at this height is the same as that at the ground, 20°C. PROBLEM 13 SOLUTION The Boltzmann distribution law : Assume an average molecular mass of :

  45. The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution function Density of the number of molecules with speeds between v and dv : With:

  46. Poisson's Integral Formula: Density of the number of molecules with speeds between v and dv is

  47. Density of the number of molecules with speeds between v and dv is The rms speed : The average speed: The most probable speed:

  48. Definition: The average value of vn: PROOF: The average speed: The mean square speed:  The most probable speed:

  49. PROBLEM 14 For diatomic carbon dioxide gas ( CO2 , molar mass 44.0 g/mol) at T = 300 K, calculate (a) the most probable speed vmp; (b) the average speed vav; (c) the root-mean-square speed vrms. SOLUTION The rms speed : The average speed: The most probable speed:

  50. PROBLEM 15 At what temperature is the root-mean-square speed of nitrogen molecules equal to the root-mean-square speed of hydrogen molecules at 20.00C? SOLUTION The rms speed : A N2 molecule has more mass so N2 gas must be at a higher temperature to have the same v rms.

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