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Alkanes with substituents

Alkanes with substituents. 1: write the alkane name of the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms 2: number the carbon atoms starting from the end nearest a substituent 3: give the location and name of each substituent as a prefix to the alkane name.

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Alkanes with substituents

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  1. Alkanes with substituents

  2. 1: write the alkane name of the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms 2: number the carbon atoms starting from the end nearest a substituent 3: give the location and name of each substituent as a prefix to the alkane name The rules for naming alkanes with substituents

  3. 2- methyl pentane 3-chloro-2 methlylpentane 2,3-dimethylpentane 2,4-dibromo-2-methylpentane Examples

  4. Alkenes – double bonded carbon Alkynes – triple bonded carbon Alcohols – OH Ethers – O Aldehydes – a C=O group attached to another carbon and a hydrogen atom Ketones – a C=O group attached to two other carbon atoms Functional Groups of alkanes

  5. Carboxylic Acids = COOH attached Ester = a carboxylic acid, except the oxygen of the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon and not to a hydrogen Amines = central atom is a nitrogen atom Amide = the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen group Functional Groups of Alkanes

  6. Double bonded carbon Name should include the number carbon where the double bond starts Example: 2-pentene Alkenes

  7. Includes a triple bonded carbon Name should indicate the numbered carbon where the triple bond starts Example: 3-octyne Alkynes

  8. Contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group Name will indicate the number carbon where alcohol is attached Name will have the ending –ol Example: 2-propanol Alcohols

  9. Contain an alkoxyl group (an –O- between two carbon chains) • Name will include both chain names in alphabetical order than the word “ether” • Examples: • ethyl methyl ether • dimethyl ether Ethers

  10. An oxo/double bonded oxygen (C=O) at the end of the chain Carbon chain is named as is, but ending changes to –al Example: butanal Aldehydes

  11. An oxo/double bonded oxygen (C=O) along the chain of carbons Carbon chain is named as is, but ending changes to –one and a number is added to tell what carbon contains the C=O Example: 3-heptanone Ketones

  12. A carboxy/COOH group is on the end of a carbon chain The chain is named as is but the ending is changed to –oic acid Example: propanoic acid Carboxylic Acids

  13. An alkoxycarbonyl group (like a carboxylic acid, but the –OH is replaced with an –OR group (an oxygen and another carbon chain) Carbon chain attached to the O is named first, then the carbon chain containing the =O, changing the ending to –oate Example: methyl propanoate Esters

  14. An –N is inserted into a carbon chain • Name the two carbon chains, in alphabetical order than write “amine” • Examples: • N-ethyl-N-methyl amine • propan-2-amine Amines

  15. An amido (=ONH2) group on the end of a carbon chain Name the carbon chain and add the ending -amide Example: propanamide Amides

  16. The cyclic chain is numbered and named Example: cyclobutyl-_______ane Cyclic Chains

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