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Introduction to Genetic Information Processing Part 1
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《理论与系统生物学夏令营讲座》 Introduction to Genetic Information Processing Part 1 朱怀球 北京大学理论生物学中心 北京大学工学院生物医学工程系
基因的种类 Today when we speak of a gene for some malady, a regulatory gene, a structural gene, or a gene frequency, it is entirely possible that we are deploying different gene concepts even though we are using the same term. ——M. R. Dietrich,2000 结构基因(structural gene) 调控基因(regulatory gene) • 二者都可以转录成mRNA,并可被翻译成多肽链。 • 调控基因的作用是调控其它基因的活性,转录成的mRNA翻译成阻遏蛋白质或激活蛋白质。 (From Genes VIII)
基因组(Genome) • 基因组(genome)是指一个细胞或病毒包含的全部遗传信息的总和。 GEne+chromosOME (H. Winker, 1920) -The genome of an organism is its whole hereditary information and is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). This includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA. -More precisely, the genome of an organism is a complete DNA sequence of one set of chromosomes. • 绝大部分基因组,包括所有的细胞生命形式的基因组,是由DNA组成;一些病毒具有RNA基因组; • 基因组的大小用碱基对(base pair,bp)或核苷酸(nucleotide,nt)的数量来表示:103为kb,106为Mb。
真核生物:指一个物种的单倍体染色体所含有的全部DNA分子;真核生物:指一个物种的单倍体染色体所含有的全部DNA分子; • 原核生物:一般只有一个环状DNA分子,其上所有的基因为一个基因组; • 真核生物通常含有2~3个基因组 -核基因组(Nuclear genome) -线粒体基因组(Mitochondrial genome) -质体基因组(Plastid genome) • 真核细胞中的细胞器(如叶绿体、线粒体等)中的DNA也为环状,构成叶绿体基因组、线粒体基因组 • If not specified, “genome” usually refers to the nuclear genome.
基因轮盘赌(Gene Sweepstake) • http://www.ensembl.org/Genesweep/ • The Gene Sweepstake will run between 2000 and 2003. The rules are: • It costs $1 to make a bet in 2000, $5 in 2001 and $20 in 2002. • Bets are for one number. Closest number wins, and in case of ties, the pot is split. • A gene is a set of connected transcripts. A transcript is a set of exons via transcription followed (optionally) by pre-mRNA splicing. Two transcripts are connected if they share at least part of one exon in the genomic coordinates. At least one transcript must be expressed outside of the nucleus and one transcript must encode a protein . • Assessment of the method used to determine the gene will occur by voting at Cold Spring Harbor Genome Meeting 2002. Researchers will be invited to submit their methods to the community at this time. • Assessment of the gene number will occur on the 2003 CSHL Genome meeting. • People betting should write their name, email and number in the Gene Sweepstake book, held at Cold Spring Harbor. • One bet per person, per year. Year defined as a calendar year. • No pencil bets (ie, you can't change your number). Last Genesweep Votes Vote distribution Bets 165 Mean 61,710 Lowest 27,462 Highest 153,478
Who swept the Gene Sweepstake? Human gene number wager won Geneticists draw sweepstake despite uncertainty over final tally3 June 2003 The winner was announced at last week's Homo Sapiens genetics meeting at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. The gene champ, Lee Rowen, who directs a sequencing project at the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, Washington - beat 460 other hopefuls to take home part of the cash pot. Rowen's wager at 25,947 is closest to the current reckoning in a genetic database called Ensembl, of 24,847. Like all good gamblers, her number was "a stab"; one runner-up picked 27,462 because the 27 April, 1962 was his birthday. Recognizing genes - regions of DNA that code for proteins - has proved tougher than expected. One reason is that predictor programs, which trawl through DNA for landmark sequences characteristic of a gene, are notoriously unreliable.