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Translation Theory and Practice

Definition of Translation. ??:A course in the school curriculum, a job, a piece of literary work, translation work itselfTranslation is rendering of ideas or concepts from one language into another,i.e. ,the faithful representation in the target language of what is written or said in the original language.Translation is a science, an art, or a craft or skill.Scope of translation: English to Chinese and vice versa; oral interpretation and written translation;Scientific materials and literary 15

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Translation Theory and Practice

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    1. Translation Theory and Practice Niangen Huang PLA University of Science and Technology

    3. Retrospect Literary translation in the West: 300 B .C. Translation of Buddhist Scripture In China: East Han Dynasty, 148 A.D. (1100B.C.) Extensive Use in Modern Society: Cross-cultural exchange and communication,International conference, Business,Cooperation among U.N member counties Progress of Science and Technology,Economic Development and Translation: Practice in Japan: Organized translation(expert translators) to keep up with the advance of new ideas and inventions .

    4. Importance of Proper Translation Translation is an important means of communication, especially for us the Chinese. Dexterous translation helps promotes the mutual understanding while improper translation leads to confusion. Examples: ??:menu ????:renaissance ?????:fangfang (long sharp tooth of a dog,a snakes poisonous tooth);??: white elephant, ??: white wine ????: street women ??:three companies (escort service, bar girl)

    5. Principles or Criteria of Translation ??:?(faithfulness)??(expressiveness)??(elegance) ,three-character guide put forward in 1898,but evoking much controversy. New variety of standards or criteria: ??/??(faithfulness/accuracy),??(smoothness). Principles for scientific literature translation Faithful to the original meanings and views, and faithful to the original form and style. Smooth: easy and readable,and idiomatic expression in the target language(E to C, or C to E), free from formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.

    6. Attitudes to Translation Translation process: comprehension(most important) and expression(natural consequence of thorough comprehension) Difficulty in practical translation: unusual senses of many words and terms,phrases and idioms,proverbs and says which are difficult to deal with Cause: disparity between Chinese and English Approaches: literal translation(??) and free translation(??)

    7. Examples of Successful Translation ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????

    8. Examples of Successful Translation Crocodiles tears Armed to the teeth Chain reaction Gentlemens agreement Paper tiger One country, two systems

    9. Examples of Successful Translation Adams Apple At sixes and sevens It rains cats and dogs. Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. Do you see any green in my eye? Put all ones eggs in one basket

    10. Application of Literary and Free Translation Literary Translation: get rid of still patterns and rigid adherence to translation rules, instead try to be flexible Free Translation: be aware of subjectivity , avoid groundless affirmation or arbitrary fabrication Actual Translation: alternation or combination of these two approaches

    11. Translation Techniques Different Stresses in different materials: Scientific materials: precise Novels and stories:plots and characters Poetry: emotion Scientific Documents and literature: The contents,the original form,the style, the wording,etc Faithfulness to the original.

    12. Process of Translation Step 1: Reading Comprehension Read the whole passage to have a global understanding Analyze the difficult and complex sentences and grasp their meanings and connotations Have judgment and reasoning to follow the thread that runs through the passage. Step 2: Chinese Expression Step 3: Checking and Polishing

    13. Translation Techniques Basic techniques worthy of our attention in E-C translation: Diction(??) Amplification(??) Omission (??) Repetition (??) Conversion (??) Rearrangement(????) Negation(????,????) Division(????)

    14. Practice:Diction Like knows like. He is the last man to do it. (for such a job. ??? to consult. ????) He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off. Every life has its roses and thorns.(??:???) See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.

    15. Practice:Omission We are pleased to have received your invitation to the symposium on Internet. Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for July purchases has not yet been settled. He behaved politely while answering the interviewers questions. We live and learn. You can never tell.

    16. Practice:Amplification In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. The plane twisted under me, trailing flame and smoke. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers. Day after day he came to his work----sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.

    17. Practice:Conversion Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. I am afraid I cant teach you computer programming. My daughter is a better teacher than I. The red army officers worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. Formality has always characterized their relationship. They are considered insincere. Are you for or against the project?

    18. Practice:Repetition We have experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble. This has been our position----but not theirs. All of these arrangements were a prelude to the ball, the hostess ultimate prize. Let I be the current, V the voltage and R the resistance. They had a long talk about themselves, about their prospects, about the journey, about the weather, about each other---about everything. To him, the birds sang, the squirrel chattered and the flowers bloomed.

    19. Practice: Rearrangement In Africa I met a boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days. (??:????????????????,???????,?????) ???,???????,???????,????,?????,????????

    20. Practice: Rearrangement There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. (??:??????????????????,????????) ????????,?????,????,?????????

    21. Practice: Rearrangement There are many wonderful stories to tell about I was on my way home from tramping about the streets, my drawings under my arm, when I found myself in front of the Mathews Gallery. (??:??????????????????,?????????,????????????????) ????????????,??????????????????????

    22. Practice: Rearrangement He became deaf at five after an attack of fever. (??:??????,???????,?????????????????,?????????????) ??????,?????,??????

    23. Translation of Long Complex Sentences This method of using controls can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as Must moisture be present if iron is to rust? and Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season? (???:????????????????????, ??????????????????, ????, ??????????????????????????)

    24. Translation of Long Complex Sentences If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.

    25. Translation of Long Complex Sentences Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.

    26. Translation of Long Complex Sentences A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties. (???: 50??????????????????????????, ????????????????????????????????, ????????????????????????)

    27. Translation of Long Complex Sentences Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe. ????????????????????????????????????, ???????????, ???????????????????????

    28. Translation of Long Complex Sentences Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries. ??????, ????????, ????????????????????????????????????, ????????????, ???????????

    29. Model Translation Sickness and trouble: that's what Ethan's had his plate full with, ever since the every first helping. ?????,?????????,??????????? But the bay was as good as Frome's word, and we pushed on to the Junction through the white, wild scene. ??????????????,??????????????? A new dignity crept into his walk. ?????????????????????? She liked to be with him better than with others. ????????????

    30. Model Translation Many volumes, rather than pages, would be required to do justice to the statesmen, soldiers, philosophers, poets, historians, and other famous men of the Sung Dynasty. ???????????????????????????????,?????????,??????????????? He is the living light-fountain, which it is good and pleasant to be near. The light which enlightens, which has enlightened the darkness of the world. ???????????,????????????????????????,????????????????

    31. Model Translation The traveler in the south must often have remarked that peculiar air of refinement, that softness of voice and manner, which seems in many cases to be a particular gift to the quadroon and mulatto women. ?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????

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