Natural Disasters By Eric Liu

1. Natural DisastersBy Eric Liu

2. Natural Disasters A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard that affects the environment, and human. For example: Volcano Tsunami Earthquake

3. Volcano Volcano A Volcano is a natural opening also is rupture, in a planet’s crust and steam come out ,Volcano look like mountain and the pressure comes from hot magma gases that build up below the surface that push the earth up . Volcano are not always erupting sometimes they lie quietly for thousand of years in between eruptions .

4. Example of Volcanoes New Mexico is the Volcano state. New Mexico has one of the greatest concentrations of young, well-exposed, and untraded volcanoes on the continent. And as a bonus, it is also the Rift Valley state; it has one of only four or five big continental rifts in the world, East Africa being one of the other ones. The fact is, New Mexico is one of the best places to study the natural history of volcanoes. Twenty percent of the U. S. National Parks and Monuments based on volcanic themes are in New Mexico. There are more here than Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington combined. Volcanism in New Mexico is not "extinct," but is dormant. Every major type of volcanic landform occurs in New Mexico. Also consider the fact that volcanic phenomena tend to concentrate in two of the three types of plate boundaries (seductions zones, transform boundaries, and rifting boundaries. Transform boundaries, such as Southern California, tend not to have volcanoes. Seduction zones are the site of the big, explosive composite volcanoes, such as those around the Pacific Ring of Fire. Then there are rifting boundaries. The mid-ocean ridges, Iceland, and East Africa come to mind. But they are rare on dry land. New Mexico is one of those rare places.

5. The Sichuan earthquake The 12th of May, 2008, 14:28 a disaster, the earthquake had happened in Wenchuan, Sichuan province, China. The earthquake was one of the strongest earthquakes both in the history of China and in the world, the magnitude is between 7.9 and 8.0, which was measured lately. At least 240,000 people were killed and 15 million people were affected by the earthquake. The aftershock is as high as 6.4.

6. Earthquakes An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. ate seismic waves.

7. Tsunami A tsunami is a wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water column. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can generate tsunamis. Tsunamis can savagely attack coastlines, causing devastating property damage and loss of life. A tsunami is a series of waves generated in an ocean or other body of water by a disturbance such as an earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption, or meteorite impact. The picture at the left shows how an earthquake can generate a tsunami in the overlying water.

8. Tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean Most tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean. This is because many earthquakes happen in the Pacific region. Most earthquakes occur where tectonic plates meet. Many of these plates meet in the Pacific Ocean. A lot of volcanic activity also occurs in this ocean. The region has been nicknamed the ring of fire because of the large circle of underwater volcanoes. And the mess that the tsunamis make are really big! It sometimes costs up to 1,000,000 dollars!!! And were the tsunamis occur they don't have a lot of money so they have to leave it all there and don't have homes.

9. Earth Scientists Use Fractals To Measure And Predict Natural Disasters Predicting the size, location, and timing of natural hazards is virtually impossible, but now, earth scientists are able to forecast hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, and landslides using fractals. A fractal is a mathematical formula of a pattern that repeats over a wide range of size and time scales. These patterns are hidden within more complex systems. A good example of a fractal is the branching system of a river. Small tributaries join to form larger and larger "branches" in the system, but each small piece of the system closely resembles the branching pattern as a whole. At the American Geophysical Union meeting held last month, Benoit Mandelbrot, a professor of mathematical sciences at Yale University who is considered to be the father of fractals, described how he has been using fractals to find order within complex systems in nature, such as the natural shape of a coastline. As a result of his research, earth scientists are taking Mandelbrot’s fractal approach one step further and are measuring past events and making probability forecasts about the size, location, and timing of future natural disasters. "By understanding the fractal order and scale imbedded in patterns of chaos, researchers found a deeper level of understanding that can be used to predict natural hazards," says Christopher Barton, a research geologist at the United States Geological Survey, "They can measure past events like a hurricane and then apply fractal mathematics to predict future hurricane events." In the past, earth scientists have relied on statistical methods to forecast natural hazard events, but when Barton used fractals, he found that these patterns contain a level of information that has never been seen using statistical methods. Barton discovered that by comparing the fractal formulas of the size and frequency of a hurricane’s wind speed to the historic record of information about past hurricane landfall location and timing that he was able to predict the approximate wind speed of the hurricane when it made landfall at a given coastal location along the United States Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts.

10. How society responds to such natural disasters. Protect . Predict . Prepare

11. The number of deaths each year attributed to natural disasters

12. Conclusions • Humans can not avoid natural disasters, catastrophic events are often caused by human production and life of a significant impact. When disaster occurs, we can not blame on others, must be strong and in the disaster before the trip, we can only learn in the disaster, summed up in the disaster, and then learned to do the best protective measures or strengthen all aspects of construction, so that they do not would cause too much damage.

13. The end