1. Natural Disasters By: Patrick L. Abbott

2. Chapter 9 Climate Change

3. Overview • Climate • Early Earth Climate - A Runaway Greenhouse • Climate History of the Earth: Time Scale in Millions of Years • Glacial Advance and Retreat: Time Scale in Thousands of Years

4. Overview (cont.) • Climate Variations: Time Scale in Hundreds of Years • Shorter-Term Climate Changes: Time Scale in Multiyears • Volcanism and Climate • Drought and Famine • Climate Change

5. Climate • Factors • Greenhouse Effect

6. Early Earth Climate - A Runaway Greenhouse • Atmosphere of Other Planets • Earth’s Atmosphere Changes • Methane

7. Climate History of the Earth: Time Scale in Millions of Years • Bauxite • Halite • Buffer • Late Paleozoic Ice Age • Late Paleocene Torrid Age • Methane hydrates • Late Cenozoic Ice Age • The Last 3 Million Years

8. Glacial Advance and Retreat: Time Scale in Thousands of Years • The Last 2 Million Years • Glacially Deposited Sediments • The Last 1 Million Years • Three Astronomical Peculiarities • 18,000 to 20,000 Years Ago

9. Climate Variations: Time Scale in Hundreds of Years • 20,000 Years Ago and Earlier • Suggested Causes in Temperature Increases and Decreases • Sea Level • 7 Thousand Years Ago

10. Shorter-Term Climate Changes: Time Scale in Multiyears • El Nino • Jet Stream • La Nina

11. Volcanism and Climate • Troposphere • Tropopause • Stratosphere • Haze • Tambora, 1815 • El Chichon, 1982 • Mount Pinatubo, 1991

12. Volcanic Climate Effects • Principle Factors • Worst-Case Scenario

13. Drought and Famine • U.S. Dust Bowl, 1930s • Sub-Sanelian Africa, 1968-1975

14. Climate Change • Processes Causing Change • Future Changes