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Foundations of Cognitive Psychology

Foundations of Cognitive Psychology. Part 2 – History of Cognitive Psychology. Contributors to the History of Psychology. Early Studies of Mental Processes. Relating Physical Stimuli and Psychological Phenomena - mental processes that underlie intelligent behavior are unobservable

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Foundations of Cognitive Psychology

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  1. Foundations of Cognitive Psychology Part 2 – History of Cognitive Psychology

  2. Contributors to the History of Psychology

  3. Early Studies of Mental Processes • Relating Physical Stimuli and Psychological Phenomena - mental processes that underlie intelligent behavior are unobservable • Pythagoras (584-495 BC) - Greek mathematician – String plucking

  4. Early Philosophical Views on the Mind • How do people acquire knowledge and how do they maintain it over time? • Socrates (469-399 BC) • Plato (427-347 BC) • Aristotle (384-322 BC)

  5. British Empiricists and Associationists • knowledge is gained through experience with the world and that experiences with the world are stored in the mind as associations. • Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) • John Locke (1623-1704) • James Mill (1773-1836) • John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

  6. PSYCHOPHYSICS • Study of the relationship between the physical properties of a stimulus and properties taken on when the stimulus is filtered through subjective experience • Early studies of the nervous system and development of psychophysics • Johannes Mueller (1801-1858) • Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878) • Gustav Fechner (1801-1878) • Paul Broca (1824-1880) • Carl Wernicke (1848-1904) • Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)

  7. Structuralism • The primary goal of psychology is to specify conscious experience through introspection • Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) • Edward Titchener (1867-1927)

  8. Functionalism • Interested in the study of the functions of the mind; emphasis on cause and effect, prediction and control, and observation of  environment and behavior • William James (1842-1910) • James Rowland Angell (1869–1949)

  9. Gestalt Psychology • Emphasis on the importance of whole patterns in perception rather than perception of individual parts (the whole is different from the sum of its parts.) • Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) • Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) • Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967)

  10. Behaviorism • Stressed studying observable events rather than unobservable mental processes; learning consists of developing associations between stimuli and responses • Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936) • Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) • John B. Watson (1878-1958) • Clark Hull (1884-1952) • Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959) • B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

  11. History of Cognitive Psychology – Love/Hate Relationships

  12. Cognitive Psychologists and Studies • Early memory studies • Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) • Sir Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969) • George A. Miller (1920-) • Metaphors of Cognition and Brain Structure • Information-processing model - Lachman, Lachman, and Butterfield (1979) • Connectionism – McClelland & Rumelhart, 1985; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986) • Cognitive Science • Cognitive Neuroscience

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