Community and Problem-Oriented Policing

1. Community and Problem-Oriented Policing Seventh Edition Chapter 2 Community Partnerships: Building Accord in a Time of Discord

2. Learning Objectives 2.1 How and why the police must adopt a “New Professionalism”. 2.2What constitutes a healthy community, and how citizens and police can collaboratively contribute to a sense of social well-being and address fear of crime. 2.3 How and why community policing evolved, and what it is an is not. 2.4The purpose and arguments for and against use of civilian review boards for police oversight. 2.5 How courts and corrections agencies are practicing community justice.

3. Introduction • Working with the community is key in community policing

4. First Things First: Being a ProfessionalA “New Professionalism” • New Professionalism includes: • A stricter accountability • A commitment to legitimacy • A commitment to innovation • A national coherence

5. “Guardians” or “Warriors” • The police are now too often being seen as “soldiers” or “warriors” • “Black lives matter” • Many officers are uncertain about how to do their jobs • A “Transformational Time” in policing

6. Signs of a Health Community: Community Cohesion • Community cohesion: • People in the community share common values, respect each other, and have a common identity • People in the community share goals and responsibilities and are willing to work with others • Empowerment is the result of community cohesion • Community policing should foster community cohesion

7. Social Capital • The two most fundamental and indispensable qualities of a thriving community • Public safety • Social order • Social capital involves having a community who are bonded together through social networks and relationships • Domains can be local or public

8. Addressing the Fear of Crime • Gallup surveys show while there is less crime, there is more fear of crime • Violent crimes sank by more the half in the 1990s • Gun rights and ownership does not reflect this • Police partnerships with citizens reduce levels of fear • Problem-oriented policing is effective in reducing crime, disorder, and fear

9. Volunteerism • Great need to actively involve citizens in police operations • Citizen input, citizen patrols, citizen review boards • IACP has a website that describes all types of citizen volunteer programs • Examples from Exhibit 2-3 • Bellevue, Washington • Vacaville, California • Hazelwood, Missouri

10. Effects of the Economy on Policing • 2012 study by Police Executive Forum revealed that 51% of police departments had their budgets cut since the recession began • Expanded the use of technology to increase efficiency • Two schools of thought on recent economic recession on community policing: • Long-term trouble for problem-solving efforts may reduce community policing • Creates an even more need to expand community policing

11. Where All These Roads have Led: Community Policing An Oft-Misunderstood Concept: What It is (1 of 3) • As defined by the U.S. Department of Justice: • Community policing, recognizing that police rarely can solve public safety problems alone, encourages interactive partnerships with relevant stakeholders. These partnerships can accomplish the two interrelated goals of developing solutions to problems through collaborative problem solving and improving public trust. The public should play a role in prioritizing and addressing public safety problems.

12. Where All These Roads have Led: Community Policing An Oft-Misunderstood Concept: What It is (2of 3) • Community policing is not a temporary program or project • It is philosophy and practice that permeates the entire police agency • COP stands apart from traditional policing: • Geographic responsibility • Long-term assignment • Decentralized decision making • Participative management • Generalist officers • Police leadership on community issues • Proactive policing • Recognition and professional development

13. Where All These Roads have Led: Community Policing An Oft-Misunderstood Concept: What It is (3 of 3) • Means to determine if COP is being embraced: • Observing the daily work of officers • Community members knowing a few officers by name and officers knowing citizens by name • Officers being relaxed when engaged in community discussions • The police agency deploying a process for addressing citizen grievances

14. What It is Not • COP is not soft on crime • COP is not accomplished by merely: • Adding school resource officers, substations, foot or bicycle patrols • Writing a grant • Creating one single pilot program • Adding a specialized unit of neighborhood police officers • Launching a citizens’ police academy

15. A Definition • Difficult to find a concise, inclusive definition of community policing • Refer to Table 2-1 on page 37 of the textbook for a comparison chart on Traditional Versus Community Policing

16. Two Exceptional Programs: Beat Meetings and Citizens’ Police Academies • Beat Meeting examples: • Chicago • Los Angeles • Kansas City • Citizens’ police academies are at the core of community policing efforts • Help create a more informed citizen • Debunk misperceptions about law enforcement • Open lines of communication

17. Civilian Review Boards: A Blessing or a Curse? Extent and Rationale • Civilian review boards should be used in order to involve citizens in investigating and overseeing police activities • Provide an independent and transparent oversight of policing • 200 civilian oversight entities around the country • Some investigate disciplinary actions, while others review police agencies budgets and policies

18. Police Distrust • Question remains on whether such boards are beneficial • Lack of trust • Politics • Power • More research is needed • Boston Police Department is an example (Exhibit 2-5)

19. Connecting with Courts and Corrections • Community justice is the collective involvement of citizens in policing, courts, and corrections • Restorative justice includes repairing the harm, reducing risk, and building community

20. Community Courts • Community courts are neighborhood-focused courts that attempt to harness the power of the justice system to address local problems • First was Midtown Community Court in 1993 in New York City • Community prosecution is the idea that prosecutors have a responsibility to not only prosecute cases but also solve public safety problems, prevent crime and improve public confidence in the court system

21. Community Corrections • Community-based corrections includes probation, parole, and pretrial supervision • Policymakers and stakeholders need to be educated • Use of technology can aid community corrections

22. Community Service Centers • Community service centers- “One-stop shopping” to access government services • Some services include: • Affordable housing lists • Business licenses • Bus schedules • City job listings • Notary services • Permits • Tax forms

23. E-Government • E-government allows for information, forms, payments to all be done online • Some sites all citizens to see in real-time terms calls that officers are being dispatched