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Fish Distribution

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Fish Distribution and Factors affecting their structure and function

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Fish Distribution

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  1. Fish distribution and factors affecting their structure & function Janice C. Leriorato, Ph.D. Department of Biology College of Arts and Sciences Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan

  2. Fish distribution, composition, and historical Fish distribution, composition, and historical biogeography by region biogeography by region • almost 60% (~58%) of fish are marine (Hart & Reynolds 1999) Figure credit: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  3. Diversity in Large Diversity in Large Marine Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems • Marine species of fish • 13% pelagic • 1% epipelagic • 5% in unlighted zones of water - (deepwater pelagic) • 7% in bottom - -(deepwater benthic fish) • 78% in within 200m (coral reef and photic zone) Figure credit: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  4. Environmental envelope Environmental envelope type modeling approach type modeling approach • • Half-degree resolution Based on preferences of species for temperature, depth, primary productivity, distance to land, and ice coverage (envelopes) Preferences are derived from databases such as FishBase, from occurrence data, and from experts Preferences are mapped on global distribution of environmental conditions Native ranges are enforced by bounding boxes • • • Slide credit: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  5. Fish distribution, composition, and historical Fish distribution, composition, and historical biogeography by region biogeography by region • approximately 40% (41%, ~11,900 species) are freshwater (Hart & Reynolds 1999) Photo credit: Freshwater Aquamaps

  6. Fish distribution, composition, and historical Fish distribution, composition, and historical biogeography by region biogeography by region • approximately 1% of fish (~290 species) are diadromous (Hart & Reynolds 1999) – Catadromous –spend most of life in freshwater and move to sea to spawn, e.g. freshwater eels (Anguillidae)

  7. Fish distribution, composition, and historical Fish distribution, composition, and historical biogeography by region biogeography by region • approximately 1% of fish (~290 species) are diadromous (Hart & Reynolds 1999) – Anadromous- spend most of life in sea but move to freshwater to spawn, e.g. some carangids (talakitok such as maliputo of Taal Lake [Carangoides sexfasciatus]), Pacific salmon and trouts

  8. Fish distribution, composition, and historical Fish distribution, composition, and historical biogeography by region biogeography by region • approximately 1% of fish (~290 species) are diadromous (Hart & Reynolds 1999) – Amphidromous- these are species that move from freshwater to marine water for other purpose other than spawning • FW move to MW as larvae to feed and grow then move back to FW as juvenile to adulthood e.g. Gobiidae, Eleotridae • Bangus (Chanos chanos is also an example) Fish Migration

  9. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  10. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  11. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  12. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  13. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  14. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  15. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  16. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  17. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  18. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  19. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  20. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  21. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  22. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  23. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  24. Slide credits: Rainer Froese, GEOMAR

  25. Enter your targeted species (“species of interest”)

  26. Click to expound details

  27. Ocean Abiotic Factors Ocean Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors Biotic Factors • Temperature • Salinity • Nutrients (Primary productivity) • Oxygen • Solar energy • Water clarity • Tides • Substrate (habitat structure) • Aerial exposure • Currents • Predation • Competition

  28. Biogeographic zones based on Biogeographic zones based on Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) -> Climate Change Expanded Range Native Range

  29. Latitudinal temperature profiles Latitudinal temperature profiles

  30. Geographic Geographic distribution of salinity distribution of salinity

  31. Salinity Variation Salinity Variation 1 1 3 2 2 3

  32. Sea ice Sea ice

  33. Seawater Seawater pressure pressure Solar energy Solar energy

  34. Seasonal Seasonal Vertical migration Vertical migration Diel Diel

  35. Reef Reef- -associated fish adaptations associated fish adaptations False eyes Camouflage

  36. Oceanic (pelagic) fish adaptations Oceanic (pelagic) fish adaptations Fast swimmers Countershading

  37. Mesopelagic fish adaptations Mesopelagic fish adaptations

  38. References: • AquaMaps (www.aquamaps.org) • FishBase (www.fishbase.se/search) • Lee G., Strokes J. (eds.) 2006 - Marine Science_ An Illustrated Guide to Science

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