SKELETAL JOINT Dr. Vareishang Tangpu Assistant Professor in Zoology RIE, Mysore - 06

1. SKELETAL JOINTDr. Vareishang TangpuAssistant Professor in ZoologyRIE, Mysore - 06

3. There are 206 bones and 200 joints in human body

4. Need Of Skeletal System

5. As a support and gives shape to the body

6. Movement of body parts

7. Protection of vital organs

8. ? If there are no joints in our skeleton, what will happen to our activities?

9. The Skeletal Joints… Well, the point where two or more bones meet is called a joint. Some of our joints move, and other do not.

11. Structure of a joint A Joint is made up of:- • Synovial capsule • Tendon • Ligament • Muscles • Articulating bones (Femur & Tibia/Febula) Ligament Synovial capsule

12. Task of Joints • Bending actions, easy movements etc are possible when the skeleton provides flexibility. • Such flexibility is brought about by joining parts of skeletons. • The structural and functional association of two or more bones that make the body parts to perform tasks with ease are brought about by joints.

13. Classification of joints 1. Immovable 2. Slightly movable 3. Movable

14. IMMOVABLE JOINT

15. SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINT HIP BONE

16. MOVABLE JOINT I. Gliding Joint II. Ball and socket Joint III. Hinge Joint IV. Pivot Joint

17. I. GLIDING JOINT Carpals • The first kind of joint is called a gliding joint. Gliding joints are found in our wrists, ankles, and backbone. • Gliding joints do what they say: they glide past one another, and help us move those body parts.

18. II. BALL AND SOCKET

19. Hip joint, Arm joint

20. III. HINGE JOINT • These joints move up and down in one direction, like a door opening and closing. This type of joint can be found in our fingers, elbows, and knees. Move these joints in your body. A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an appendage

21. IV. PIVOT JOINT • Move your neck from side to side. • Can you feel how a pivot joint moves? • Joint between 1st and 2nd neck vertebrae. • This type of joint lets bones roll over each other, like in our forearms and neck.

22. Hyoid bone – the only jointless bone A small, U-shaped bone situated centrally in the upper part of the neck, beneath the mandible but above the larynx near the level of the third cervical vertebra. The hyoid is (uniquely in the vertebrate skeleton) not joined to any other bone but is suspended by the stylohyoid ligaments from the styloid process of each temporal bone at the base of the skull. It is formed from three separate parts – the body, and the left and right greater and lesser cornu (horns) – which fuse in early adulthood. The function of the hyoid is to provide an anchor point for the muscles of the tongue and for those in the upper part of the front of the neck. The hyoid bone can be felt by pressing one's finger into the crease where the chin becomes the neck.

23. I LOVE CRACKING KNUCKLES • A joint area is surrounded by joint fluid that protects the bones from rubbing against each other. • The gas nitrogen is dissolved in your joint fluid. When you crack or pop your knuckles, you're releasing pressure, which makes the gas come out and form a bubble. Don't worry — the sound is not your bones grinding together. • That release of pressure allows a temporary increase in the joint's range of motion, which is why it feels so good. The reason you can't recrack your knuckles immediately after is because it takes a little time for the gas to get redissolved back into the joint fluid.

24. Applications Toy industry Robot industry

25. Application in Orthopaedics

26. Dislocation (pelvic) When a bone at joint is damaged, dislocation occurs. Seek doctor’s help immediately

27. Dislocation (Finger) Crooked and swollen

28. Angle sprain A sprain is caused when ligaments that bind the bones together in a joint are stretched or torn due to various pressures

29. Can you identify this person who underwent a Left knee surgery in year 2000? Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Former PM

30. What type of joints do you operate? • By moving your arm up? • By moving your arm down? • By moving your arm back? Answer - (a-c): A ball and joint

31. THANK YOU

32. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It causes pain, swelling and reduced motion in your joints. It can occur in any joint, but usually it affects your hands, knees, hips or spine. Osteoarthritis breaks down the cartilage in your joints. Cartilage is the slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint. Healthy cartilage absorbs the shock of movement. When you lose cartilage, your bones rub together. Over time, this rubbing can permanently damage the joint. Factors that may cause osteoarthritis include Being overweight Getting older Injuring a joint Therapies that manage osteoarthritis pain and improve function include exercise, weight control, rest, pain relief, alternative therapies and surgery.

33. Joint Disorders A joint is where two or more bones come together, like the knee, hip, elbow or shoulder. Joints can be damaged by many types of injuries or diseases. Arthritis or simply years of use may cause a joint to wear away. This can cause pain, stiffness and swelling. Over time, a swollen joint can become severely damaged. Treatment of joint problems depends on the cause. If you have a sports injury, treatment often begins with the RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) method to relieve pain, reduce swelling and speed healing. Other possible treatments include pain relievers, keeping the injured area from moving, rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery. For arthritis, injuries, or other diseases, you may need joint replacement surgery to remove the damaged joint and put in a new one.

34. Knee cap Knee replacement is surgery for people with severe knee damage. Knee replacement can relieve pain and allow you to be more active. Your doctor may recommend it if you have knee pain and medicine and other treatments are not helping you anymore. When you have a total knee replacement, the surgeon removes damaged cartilage and bone from the surface of your knee joint and replaces them with a man-made surface of metal and plastic. In a partial knee replacement, the surgeon only replaces one part of your knee joint. The surgery can cause scarring, blood clots and, rarely, infections. After a knee replacement, you will no longer be able to do certain activities, such as jogging and high-impact sports.

35. Ankle Injuries and Disorders Your ankle bone and the ends of your two lower leg bones make up the ankle joint. Your ligaments, which connect bones to one another, stabilize and support it. Your muscles and tendons move it. The most common ankle problems are sprains and fractures. A sprain is an injury to the ligaments. It may take a few weeks to many months to heal completely. A fracture is a break in a bone. You can also injure other parts of the ankle such as tendons, which join muscles to bone, and cartilage, which cushions your joints. Ankle sprains and fractures are common sports injuries.

36. Ankylosing Spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis of the spine. It causes swelling between your vertebrae, which are the disks that make up your spine, and in the joints between your spine and pelvis. Ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune disease. This means your immune system, which normally protects your body from infection, attacks your body's own tissues. The disease is more common and more severe in men. It often runs in families. Early symptoms include back pain and stiffness. These problems often start in late adolescence or early adulthood. Over time, ankylosing spondylitis can fuse your vertebrae together, limiting movement. Symptoms can worsen or improve or stop altogether. The disease has no cure, but medicines can relieve the pain, swelling and other symptoms. Exercise can also help.

37. GoutGout is a common, painful form of arthritis. It causes swollen, red, hot and stiff joints. Gout occurs when uric acid builds up in your blood. This happens if your body produces extra acid or does not eliminate enough, or if you eat too many foods with purines, such as liver and dried beans. Pseudogout has similar symptoms and is sometimes confused with gout. However, it is caused by calcium phosphate, not uric acid. Often, gout first attacks your big toe. It can also attack ankles, heels, knees, wrists, fingers and elbows. You are more likely to get gout if you:1. Are a man, 2. Have family member with gout, 3. Drink alcohol At first, gout attacks usually get better in days. Eventually, attacks last longer and occur more often. Uric acid buildup can lead to kidney stones. Untreated gout can cause permanent joint and kidney damage. You can treat gout with medicines.

38. Movement of door Movement of grinding stone Movement of legs at hips Pivot joint Gliding joint Hinge joint Ball & socket joint Match the following 1. A-1 B-2 C-3 2. A-4 B-3 C-1 3. A-2 B-4 C-1 4. A-3 B-1 C-4

39. FAQ • What holds the bones in a joint? Answer 1 • Which structure connects two bones in a joint? Answer 2 • When do two bones get disjointed? Answer 3 4. How can the disjointed bones be set right? Answer 4 5. Why does a sound come out when we crack our knuckles? Answer 5

40. Why plastering is done over joints when there is dislocation? ?

41. Activity Visit and take advices from a doctor to keep our skeletal system in good condition

42. CORRECT!

43. WRONG

44. Answer 1 Ligament

45. Answer 2 Synovial Capsule

46. Answer 3 If a lot of pressure falls on the joint, two bones get disjointed

47. Answer 4 It can be set right by applying pressure in reverse direction (by a physician/orthopedician)

48. Answer 5 • The sound is because of breaking the vacuum present in the synovial capsule.