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Chemical Processes

Chemical Processes Outline. MotivationsReactionsSeparationsCalculations using Conservation of Mass and EnergyDistillation. Chemists vs Chemical Engineers. ChemistsDesign reaction pathways to produce a chemical from raw materialsWork in the laboratory setting to produce material on the gram

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Chemical Processes

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    1. Chemical Processes What is Engineering? July 25, 2007

    2. Chemical Processes Outline Motivations Reactions Separations Calculations using Conservation of Mass and Energy Distillation

    3. Chemists vs Chemical Engineers Chemists Design reaction pathways to produce a chemical from raw materials Work in the laboratory setting to produce material on the gram to kilogram scale Chemical Engineers Design a process to scale the chemists process to mass produce the product Work in a chemical plant to produce material in the ton and beyond range

    4. Why do we care about Chemical Engineering?

    5. If that isnt reason enough In the United States 170 Major Chemical Companies $400 Billion a year Employs more than a million workers

    6. Molecules that Chemicals Engineers work with Small and Simple Helium (He) Ammonia (NH3) Hydrogen Flouride (HF) Trinitrotoluene (C6H2(NO2)3CH3) Large and Complicated Insulin C257H383N65O77S6 Large and Simple Polyvinyl Chloride (-CH2-CHCl-)n

    7. How to Produce Chemicals Two methods to obtain a desired chemical Design a reactor to produce a chemical from raw materials To isolate the compound that exists in combination with other substances through separation processes

    8. Chemical Reactions

    9. Possible Problem with Exothermic Reactions

    10. Separations Molecular Property Boiling Point Freezing Point Particle size Affinity to a stationary phase Density Selective affinity to solid particles Separation Process Distillation Crystallization Filtration Chromatography Centrifuge Adsorption

    12. Mass and Energy Balances Balance Equation Input + generation Output = Accumulation

    13. Mass and Energy Balances For non-reacting systems Generation = 0 For systems operated at steady state Accumulation = 0 Mass and Energy Balances reduce to Input = Output

    14. Separations Calculation

    15. Separation Calculation

    16. Separations: Distillation

    17. Distillation

    18. Distillation

    20. Distillation

    21. Distillation: McCabe-Thiele Calculation

    22. Distillation: McCabe-Thiele

    23. Distillation Benefits Applicable for many liquid systems Technology is well developed High Throughput

    24. Azeotrope

    25. Distillation

    26. Conclusions Chemicals are produced by reactions or separations The driving force for separations are property differences Mass and Energy are Conserved Distillation is the workhorse of separations

    27. Todays Laboratory Three Parts: Energy Transfer Chromatography Batch Distillation (One equilibrium stage)

    28. Todays Laboratory: Energy Transfer Want efficient transfer and conversion of energy ($$) In lab, will be examining energy transfer in the form of heat: warming a pot of water with a hot plate what is the efficiency of energy transport from electricity to the water?

    29. Todays Laboratory: Chromatography Separation technique that takes advantage of varying affinities of solutes for a given solvent traveling up a filter paper. Solutes: colored dyes Solvents: water, methanol, 2-propanol Measure the distance traveled by the solutes and solvents! **Methanol and 2-propanol are poisons! Wear safety goggles, do not ingest or inhale and rinse skin immediately if spilled.

    30. Todays Laboratory: Distillation Using distillation to separate a liquid mixture of ethanol and water Ethanol is the more volatile material (it will boil first) Take samples of distillate with time to determine the concentration of ethanol in the mixture! **Ethanol is a poison! Wear safety goggles, do not ingest or inhale and rinse skin immediately if spilled.

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