Chemical Processes

1. Chemical Processes Anatomy and Physiology Unit 2

2. Energy • Energy- the ability to do work or to put matter into motion. • Kinetic energy-moving objects • Potential energy- inactive or stored energy

3. Types of Energy • Chemical energy- stored in the bonds of chemical substances. When bonds are broken the stored energy is released • All activities of the body are ran by chemical energy • Electrical energy- movement of charged particles. • In the body, ions move across cell membranes.

4. Types of Energy • Mechanical energy- directly involved in moving matter. • Radiant energy- travels in waves (energy from the electromagnetic spectrum) • Important to vision. • Helps our bodies make Vitamin D • Any energy that seems to be lost is given off as heat

5. Atomic Structure • Protons- have positive charge and are in the nucleus. Makes up half of the mass of the atom • Neutrons- have a neutral charge and are in the nucleus. Makes up half of the mass of the atom. • Electrons- have negative charge and are in the outer rings of the atom.

10. Atomic Structure • Atomic number- number of protons • Atomic mass- is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus • Isotopes- variations of number of neutrons in a nucleus.

11. Ionic Bonds • Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. • Ion- is a charged particle • Negatively charged atom- anion • Positively charged atom- cation • Example is salts: NaCl • When group 1 and group 7 combine • Electrolytes- conducts electrical current in solution • Metal and nonmetal

12. Covalent Bonds and Hydrogen Bonds • Covalent • Shared valence electrons • Example: O2, CH4 • Polar: water means there is a positive end and a negative end. • Nonpolar: little reactivity, electrons are shared equally so there is little attraction between molecules • Hydrogen • Extremely weak bonds • Water molecules • Helps maintain structure of protein molecules

13. Water • Inorganic Compound- most abundant inorganic compound in the body. • 1. High heat capacity- absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before its temperature changes appreciably. Prevents the sudden changes in body temperature. • 2. Polarity/ solvent properties- excellent solvent. “universal solvent” • 3. Chemical reactivity- digest foods or break down biological molecules, hydrolysis reactions • 4. Cushioning- cerebrospinal fluid cushion around the brain. Amniotic fluid is another example.

15. Acids and Bases • Acids: • Sour taste, releases H+ ions, proton donors • Stomach acid (HCl), acetic acid, carbonic acid • The more H+ you have the stronger the acid. • Bases: • Bitter taste and feel slippery and are proton acceptors. • OH- hydroxyl ion • Bicarbonate ion (base in blood) Weak base • Neutralization reaction- when acids and bases are mixed together.

16. pH • 0-14 • 7 is neutral • Buffers- weak acids and weak bases. • -blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45 • If the blood becomes to acidic the amount of oxygen the blood has declines

18. Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates- sugars, and starches: contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Hydrogen and Oxygen occur in a 2:1 ratio still in these molecules. C6H10O5 • Monosaccharides: one sugar: simple sugar • Single ring or chain molecule. • Has 3- 7 carbon atoms • Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose • Glucose is cellular fuel • Fructose and galactose are converted to glucose • Ribose and deoxyribose form part of the structure of nucleic acids and other organic molecules.

20. More about carbohydrates • Disaccharides: double sugars • Two simple sugars are joined by a synthesis reaction (dehydration synthesis) water molecule is lost as the bond forms • Sucrose (glucose and galactose) cane sugar • Lactose (glucose and galactose) milk • Maltose (glucose and glucose) malt sugar • As water is added to each bond the bond is broken and the simple sugar units are released.

21. More Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides: many sugars, long branching chains of linked simple sugars. • Large insoluable molecules and are ideally storage products. • Lack sweetness of simple sugars • Starches : formed in plants • Grain products, root vegetables • Glycogen : animal tissue muscles and liver. • ATP molecules: Energy

24. Lipids • Are a large and diverse group • Enter the body by: fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk products, oils • Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

27. Fats • Neutral Fats- triglycerides: fatty acids and glycerol. • Form an E shape • Saturated fats: animal fats • Unsaturated fats: plants • Large amounts of energy and stored in fat deposits • Protects from heat loss and jarring.

28. Homeostatic Imbalance • Atherosclerosis: deposit of fatty substances in artery walls and eventually arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries. • Olive oil is a healthy alternative to eating saturated fats.

29. Proteins • 50 % of the organic matter in the body • Some are construction materials • Others are cell function molecules. • Contain: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. • Amino acids- building blocks of proteins • 20 amino acids • Made by our genes

30. Fibrous and Globular proteins • Fiberous proteins- strandlike; structure proteins, build • Collagen- bones, cartilage, and tendons • Most abundant protein in the body. • Keratin- hair, nails and material that makes skin tough. • Globular proteins- spherical molecules crucial roles in virtually all biological processes. • Functional proteins: antibodies, Hormones, Transport proteins, Catalysts (enzymes)

31. Nucleic Acid • Make up the genes, which provides the basic blueprint of life. • Hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms • Nucleotide: three basic parts- 1) nitrogen base 2) pentose sugar 3) a phosphate group. • Bases: A adenin, T thymine, C cytosine, G guanine. • DNA: genetic material 1)replicates itself 2)instructions for building every protein in the body. • RNA: carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA • A adenine, U uricil, C cytosine, G guanine • DNA is a double helix

32. ATP • Means energy • Without ATP life is haulted • Modified nucleotide: adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate • Compared to a tightly coiled spring that is ready to uncoil with tremendous energy • ATP→ADP + P + E

33. Questions to consider • Energy that is directly involved in moving matter is ? • The movement of ions across cell memebranes is an example of what kind of energy? • 96% of the human body is composed of the elements? • The most abundant element in the human body is? • What is the role of calcium? • What is the role of phosphorus? • What is the role of magnesium? • What is the correct location of subatomic particles? • What are the charges of subatomic particles? • What best describes and electron: charge, weight, and location

34. Questions to consider • Carbohydrates are stored as what in the liver and muscles? • What is true about ATP molecules? • What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? • How does radiant energy travel? • The lower the pH the greater the number of hydrogen ions. (T or F) • Compounds that ionize completely, producing large numbers of hydrogen ions (protons), are a weak base. (T or F) • A solution with a pH above 12 is an acid.(T or F) • The normal pH of blood is 7.4. (T or F) • Enzymes decrease the rates of chemical reactions. (T or F) • Discuss the major properties of water that make it so vital to the proper functioning of the body.

35. Questions to consider • Atomic number of an atom reveals the number of what? • Isotopes have what? (protons, neutrons, electrons) • The subatomic particles that are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms are what? • When sodium reactes with chlorine what is happening positively and negatively? • When a pair of electrons is shared unequally between two atoms, the bond formed is called what? • Why is water useful in body processes? • Which of the following solutions is the weakest acid? • pH of 2.4 • pH of 5.2 • pH of 6.4 • Acids are what? • What is an example of an inorganic molecule? • Starch is an example of a(n)?

36. Questions to consider • Keratin and collagen are examples of what? • What are the disaccharides: • The organic compounds that function in building tissues and acting as enzymes are what? • Neutral fats? • Vitamin A can be described as what? • Bile salts are what? • What about enzymes is true? • Globular proteins are what? • What is true about RNA? (single or double strand) • Carbohydrates are built up from their basic building blocks by the: