1. BIOL 3300 Vertebrate Zoology: Ectotherms - Herpetology http://www.amphibian.com.au/

2. How do “herps” communicate? • Play clip of H. Microcephala(http://www.fonozoo.com/eng/versonidoAmphibia.php?id=68442&registro=po) • Play clip of L. Catesbeianus(http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/r.catesbeiana.sounds.html)

3. What to do when there is more than “you”?

4. What about multiple species choruses?

5. What about multiple species choruses?

6. When sounds collide: the effect of anthropogenic noise on a breeding assemblage of frogs in Belize, Central America Authors: Kaiser et al. Abstract: Many organisms depend on acoustic communication for myriad functions, and have evolved behaviours to minimize effects of naturally occurring acoustic interference. However, as habitats are subject to increased alteration, anthropogenic noise becomes unavoidable, and how animals overcome such interference is not well understood. In most ecosystems, only a subset of frog species is associated with disturbed habitats; the ability of these species to overcome exogenous noise suggests that habitat associations may be related to species' response to noise. We tested the hypothesis that frogs associated with largely undisturbed forest habitat would be less likely to increase call output in response to exogenous noise than would those associated with disturbed or open habitat. While this relationship was not significant, we found a slight trend supporting the hypothesis. We then asked whether anthropogenic noise affects chorus tenure at individual- or at chorus-levels. Male frogs exposed to anthropogenic noise decreased both the number of days present at the chorus and the nightly chorus duration relative to controls. Because females generally join choruses late at night to breed, the effects of noise shown here are likely to substantially decrease frog reproductive success; thus, the acoustic environment may play an important role in shaping population dynamics and in amphibian declines.

7. What are the constraints on communicating? • Physical & Biological limitations • Small sizes = shorter distances • Distance is proportional to size of signaler AND amplitude of display • Small animals = high frequency sounds • Temperature influences frequency • Energetic costs a/the major constraint

8. What are the costs of communicating? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSuTbkftrXQ&NR=1

9. Sonograms (top) and oscillograms (bottom) of a whine-plus-chuck call of a túngara frog (Physalaemuspustulosus; left) and a call group of a cricket frog (Acriscrepitans; right). Sun L et al. Behavioral Ecology 2000;11:102-109 International Society for Behavioral Ecology

10. What are the costs of communicating?

11. What are the constraints on communicating? • Noise • Auditory noise from environment… • Wind • Rain • Flowing water • Approaches to overcome include… • Stereotyped call • Adjusted timing • Alternate channels

12. What are the constraints on communicating? • Maximizing Signal to Noise Ratio • Alternate channels Ex. seismic communication Puerto Rican white-lipped frog (Leptodactylusalbilabris) http://learning.richmond.edu/Leptodactylus/calls.cfm

13. What are the constraints on communicating? • Maximizing Signal to Noise Ratio • Alternate channels Ex. Seismic communication Red-eyed treefrog (Agalychniscallidryas) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PXN6ovRFLM

14. What are the major modes of communicating for Urodelans? • Unable to transmit signal… • Plethodontid salamanders are actively mainly at night… visual signals have limited usefulness. • Rely on chemical communication! • Airborne volatile compounds detected with olfactory epithelium • Non-volatile compounds detected with vomeronasal organ.

15. What are the major modes of communicating for Urodelans? • What are they smelling for? Pheromones Fecal pellets Species Gender Food Plethodonkentucki Plethodontayahalee Plethodonglutinosus Plethodonaureolus

16. What are the major modes of communicating for Urodelans? • Tail-fanning an adaptation for aquatic communicating in newts • Why the elaborate efforts in communicating in Urodelans?

17. What are the major modes of communicating for Anurans? • Chemical • Fecal pellant information in Leipelmahamiltoni • ? Ascaphus montanus? • Visual • Foot-flagging • Hand waving (semaphoring) • Acoustic

18. What are the major modes of communicating for Anurans? • Acoustic

19. What are the major modes of communicating for Anurans? • Acoustic Hylachrysoscleis Hylaversicolor

20. What are the major modes of communicating for Anurans? • Acoustic • Other types of calls? • Advertisement • Courtship • Aggressive/Defensive • Reciprocal • Release