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The Nature of science

The Nature of science. Chapter 1. Section 1.1 Earth Science. Science is the process of observing and studying things in our world. Science can be applied to almost anything and is divided into four general areas: 1. Chemistry 2. Physics 3. Life Science (Biology, Anatomy, etc)

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The Nature of science

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  1. The Nature of science Chapter 1

  2. Section 1.1 Earth Science • Science is the process of observing and studying things in our world. • Science can be applied to almost anything and is divided into four general areas: • 1. Chemistry • 2. Physics • 3. Life Science (Biology, Anatomy, etc) • 4. Earth Science * Note that you MUST take 3 of these to graduate HS! *

  3. Earth Science • Earth Science is the study of Earth and space. Within Earth Science, there are four major divisions: • 1. Astronomy • 2. Meteorology • 3. Geology • 4. Oceanography

  4. Composition of the Earth Lithosphere: Crust Upper Mantle Asthenosphere Core: Outer Core Inner Core • Lithosphere: rigid outer shell of the Earth, includes the crust and the solid, uppermost part of the mantle • Asthenosphere: lies underneath the lithosphere and is referred to as the partially molten layer of the mantle that flows like a soft plastic • Like the mantle, the core of the Earth is divided into two parts: • 1. Outer Core – Liquid • 2. Inner Core – Solid * The core is believed to be made of iron and nickel *

  5. Structure of the Earth

  6. The Earth’s Systems Within the Earth, scientists have developed four main systems. Each system is unique, but interacts with the others. None of the systems are independent of the others, nor of the global system of the Earth itself.

  7. The Lithosphere Rigid outer shell of the planet. Includes the crust and the solid, uppermost part of the mantle. • The Crust: • 1. Continental – made of granite • 2. Oceanic – made of basalt • The Mantle: • Composed primarily of peridotite • Parts of the mantle are solid, but some act more as a liquid

  8. The Hydrosphere • Made of all the water in the Earth’s oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and glaciers as well as the atmosphere. • 97% salt water • 3% is fresh water About ¾ of the freshwater is contained in glaciers and icebergs

  9. The Atmosphere • Blanket of gases that surrounds our planet • Necessary for respiration of most living things • Protects inhabitants from radiation of Sun • Maintains suitable temperature for life • Composition: • 78% Nitrogen • 21% Oxygen • 1% Other gases (water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, trace gases)

  10. The Biosphere • Includes all organisms on Earth as well as the environments in which they live. • The majority of the Earth’s organisms live within a few meters of the Earth’s surface; however, some live deep beneath the ocean surface and some live high atop the Earth’s mountains. • The Earth’s biosphere is unique in that scientists have yet to confirm evidence of life on other planets or elsewhere in the galaxy.

  11. Science and Technology Technology • The application of scientific knowledge and discoveries. • Transferrable – can be applied to new situations. • Can be good OR bad… • Good – computers, health care • Bad – air pollution, deforestation, eliminates jobs

  12. Theories and Laws LAWS THEORIES • Describes the behavior of natural phenomena (rule of nature such as the Law of Gravity.) • An explanation based on many observations during repeated experiments. • Valid only if it is consistent with every other experiment that is done on it. • May change or be modified with the discovery of new data. • A basic principle describing the behavior of a natural phenomenon. • Well tested – The Theory of Natural Selection • Can be thought of as a “rule,” although the cause may be unknown. • Events of the THEORYare observed to be the same every time.

  13. Section 1.2 Methods of Scientists Scientific Method Determine the problem Make a Hypothesis Experiment Independent Variable Dependent Variable Constant Control Collect Data Analyze the Results Draw Conclusions Repeat

  14. Safety in the Science Lab • 1. Understand all safety symbols before beginning • 2. Wear safety goggles when using chemicals • 3. Tie back long hair / loose clothing • 4. Always slant tubes AWAY from yourself and others • 5. Never Eat / Drink in the lab. Use only laboratory glassware for experiments. • 6. Never inhale chemicals or taste substances • 7. Know what to do in case of a fire! • 8. Report any spills, accidents or injuries to your teacher immediately • 9. Clean up your space! (Dispose properly of chemicals as directed by your teacher.) • 10. Always wash your hands, thoroughly, with soap and water after working in the lab

  15. Measurement • Using measurements is common when conducting science experiments. • A measurement includes using both a number that identifies how many units there are and a unit of measure. • Most scientific studies and experiments use a standard system of units called Le Systeme International d’Unites (SI). • SI is the modern version of the metric system • Based on a decimal system that uses the number 10 as the base unit

  16. ** Most often used in Biology **

  17. Length The standard SI Unit to measure length is the meter (m) • A meter is divided into 100 equal parts, called a centimeter (cm) • A centimeter is divided into 1000 equal parts, called a millimeter (mm) What does this all mean? 1m = 100cm = 1000 mm

  18. Weight and Mass WEIGHT MASS • The measure of the gravitational force on an object. • Varies with location, based on gravitational force (ie… a person on the moon) • Measured with some type of scale • The amount of matter in an object, dependent upon the number of atoms that make up the object. • Mass does not change with an object’s position. • Measured with triple beam balance

  19. Area and Volume AREA VOLUME Area is the amount of surface included within a set of boundaries. • Area is expressed in square units of length, such as m2 or cm2 • Area is determined by multiplying length x width (l x w) Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object. • m3 for a solid object • mL or L for fluid objects • 1mL = 1 cc = 1cm3

  20. Density Density is the measure of the amount of matter that occupies a given space. • Density is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3), grams per milliliter (g/mL) or kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3 • Calculate density by dividing the mass of the matter by its volume (m/v)

  21. Time & Temperature TIME TEMPERATURE The interval between two events is time • Time is typically measured with a watch or clock • Most precise measure of time comes from an atomic clock • The SI unit for time is the second (s) The measure of the average vibrations of the particles that make up a material is temperature • Particles that vibrate more quickly have a higher temperature • Particles that vibrate more slowly have a lower temperature • Measured in degrees, with a thermometer, and on a Celsius scale in Science

  22. FORMULAS MEMORY RECALL • Time = Mass (in kg) x 9.8m/s2 • Area = length x width • Density = mass/volume • Volume = length x width x height • C to K = C + 273.16 • K to C = K – 273.16

  23. Scientific Notation • Expresses number as a multiple of ten • Example: 1250000000000 = 1.25 x 1012 • It is expressed as a number between 1 and 10, multiplied by a power of 10 • The power is the number of places the decimal moves • A positive (+) moves the decimal to the left • A negative (-) moves the decimal to the right • Examples: • 12500 = 1.25 x 104 • .000125 = 1025 x 10-4

  24. Section 1.3 Communicating in Science In Science, it is imperative to make all results available to others. • Why? • So results can be verified • So information can be used by others to conduct new experiments • How? • Lab Reports • Graphs • Models • Theories / Laws

  25. Lab Reports • A lab report is when you record and analyze information you collected during your experiment. • Lab Reports are used to draw conclusions based on your data.

  26. Models • A scientific model is an idea, a system, or a mathematical expression similar to the idea being explained. • Fairly accurate representation of your experiment. • Can change as data is collected.

  27. Graphs • Used to show comparisons between data within your experiment. • Each graph must have: • 1. Title • 2. Labeled Axis • 3. Legend / Key • 4. Must be completed in pencil

  28. Steps to Making a Graph • Determine the variables and label each axis • Dependent variable goes on the y-axis (vertical) • Independent variable goes on the x-axis (horizontal) • Determine the scale of the graph • Determine the number value for each square on the graph • Spread the graph out to take up the most equal amount of space • Plot the data points • Mark each data value with a dot • Draw the graph • Draw a line that best fits the data points • If there is more than one line on the graph, you must include a key identifying each line • Give the graph a descriptive title

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