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Infant and Toddler Development Part 3: 6 to 18 Months

Infant and Toddler Development Part 3: 6 to 18 Months. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Core In-Service November 13, 2008 10:00-11:30 a.m. Debbie Richardson, M.S. Parenting Assistant Extension Specialist Human Development & Family Science Oklahoma State University . Introduction.

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Infant and Toddler Development Part 3: 6 to 18 Months

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  1. Infant and Toddler DevelopmentPart 3: 6 to 18 Months Oklahoma Cooperative Extension ServiceCore In-Service November 13, 2008 10:00-11:30 a.m. Debbie Richardson, M.S. Parenting Assistant Extension Specialist Human Development & Family Science Oklahoma State University

  2. Introduction • Welcome • Centra Instructions • Overview of In-service • Resource Materials 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  3. In-Service Objective Extension Educators will be able to describe growth, tasks, behaviors, and abilities of infants from six through 18 months including physical, cognitive, social and emotional development. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  4. Integrating the Domains Cognitive Physical Social Emotional 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  5. 7-9 Months 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  6. 7-9 Months Physical • Moro (startle) reflex disappears • Teething • Gaining weight at slower rate – about 1 lb/month • Bladder and bowel systems becoming more regulated. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  7. 7-9 Months Gross Motor • Rolls over both ways • Sits alone steady • Scooting, crawling • Pull self to stand • Movements becoming well integrated and automatic 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  8. 7-9 Months Fine Motor • Uses forefinger to poke objects • Pincer grasp - Picks up small object with thumb & forefinger • Feeds self cracker or cookie • Attempts to secure 3rd cube without dropping 2 others • Throws or shakes objects 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  9. 7-9 Months Cognitive • Visual acuity close to adults. Developing depth perception. • Works to get desired object out of reach. • Using toys in more complex ways. • Objects or resists if a toy is taken away. • Looks at correct picture when object is named. • Practices & repeats activities, especially cause & effect. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  10. 7-9 Months Cognitive (cont’d) • Expanding awareness of relationship of own actions to environment (4-8 mo.) • Uncovers a hidden object. Looks for object in place they first found it after seeing it hidden, even if they later see it moved to another place (8-12 mo.) • Attains object permanence (constancy), awareness that objects exist when not seen (8-12 mo.) • Combining schemas to achieve a desired effect; earliest form of problem-solving (8-12 mo.) 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  11. 7-9 Months Language • Sounds like ga, ba, goo (1 syllable) then like mama, dada. Putting consonants & vowels together. • Understands ‘no’ and own name (9-10 mo.) • Use many sounds, gestures, facial expressions to communicate what they want. • Imitates others’ speech sounds, facial expressions. • Responds to simple commands. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  12. 7-9 Months Social-Emotional • Smiles and responds to own face in mirror. • Plays peek-a-boo. • Exchanges smiles, gestures, and sounds back & forth. • Pushes away unwanted things. • Can distinguish between familiar person & stranger. • Fears strangers, sudden, unexpected, looming objects (7-12 mo.) • Separation anxiety; concerned or cries when mom/dad leaves. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  13. 10-12 Months 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  14. 10-12 Months Gross Motor • Crawl to get something they want, grab it, or push away barrier to it. • Stands alone. • Walks around playpen or furniture while holding on (cruising). • Takes first steps with encouragement. Holds arms up for balance. Some may be walking well. Some may prefer crawling still. • Throws objects to practice “ungrasping”. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  15. 10-12 Months Fine Motor • Finger feeds self. • Picks up spoon by handle. • Can do simple things with a spoon such as bang or dip repeatedly. • Tries to imitate scribbling. • Picks up 2 small objects in one hand. • Moves thumbs and fingers into positions appropriate to size of object trying to grasp. • Turns pages of books a few at a time. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  16. By about 12 Months Cognition • Follows a fast moving object. • Convergence of vision results in simple depth perception. • Starts being able to look for object moved to another place than they first found it. • Means-end behavior: crawls or walks to get what they want, pulls string toys. • Demonstrates use of objects without knowing their names. • Pretending begins. • Uses trial & error to solve problems (starts using thought). 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  17. 10-12 Months Language • Associates names with objects. • Says first word, usually label for something. • Turns to person speaking when his/her name is called. • Tries to imitate animal sounds. • Associates meaning to some words. Understanding several words of speech and some common phrases. • Communicative functions: requests & commands. • Understands simple instructions and ‘no-no’. • Turns pages of book and can point to some objects. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  18. 10-12 Months Social-Emotional • Intensely preoccupied with primary caregiver (9-12 mo.) • Fear of strangers, sudden, looming objects continues. • May act subdued in new situations. • Shows some cooperation & help when being dressed. • Experience & interpret emotions at the same time. • May develop attachment to a toy or object. • Demonstrates affection. Waves ‘bye-bye’. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  19. 10-12 Months Social-Emotional • Imitates people in play. • Plays peek-a-boo, patty cake, other social games. • Uses a few gestures one after another to get needs met (giving, showing, reaching, pointing). • Communicates emotions more clearly – showing moods, ambivalence, levels of feeling. • Shouts for attention. Shows pleasure in achievement. • Give & take play; social referencing. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  20. By 12 Months Physical Body • Has tripled birthweight • 50% greater birth length • 6-8 teeth • Anterior fontanel (front soft spot on head) is nearly closed • Babinski reflex (foot fanning out) is gone 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  21. 13-15 Months 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  22. 13-15 Months Gross Motor • Walks alone; some may be uneasy and few steps, others more stable; learning to walk backwards and sideways. • Claps hands. • Climbs on chairs or other furniture. • Pushes objects and pulls string toy. • Throws ball or object. • Carries toys while walking. • Crawls upstairs, maybe with support. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  23. 13-15 Months Cognition • Perceives causality and more complex circum-stances involving a chain of several events (starts about 10 mo.) • Begins to appreciate causal relations external to themselves. • Deliberate variation of problem-solving means; experiments to see what the consequences will be. • Very curious. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  24. 13-15 Months Cognition (cont’d) • Attends to a book or toy for about 2 minutes. • May engage in symbolic imitative play (pretend play but initiated and guided by another child/adult). • Purposeful exploration of toys through trial & error; uses a variety of motor skills. • Hands toy to adult if unable to operate. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  25. 13-15 Months Language • Understands symbolic function of naming. • Uses more elaborate and symbolic gestures. • Points to objects, pictures, & family (12-17 mo.). • Answers simple questions nonverbally (12-17 mo.) • Hands object to you when asked. • May overextend word meanings (all older adults are grandpa). • Exhibits communicative functions: request, command, personal protesting, labeling, response, and greeting. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  26. By about 15 Months Language • Follows simple 1 or 2 step directions without gestures. • Uses and understands at least 3 words such as mama, bottle, bye-bye. • Says 2-3 simple words to name a person or object. • Context dependent single words - uses or labels only in certain situations but not others; word seems to come & go in vocabulary. • Points accurately to 1 or 2 body parts, clothing items. • Imitates adult speech. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  27. 13-15 Months Social-Emotional • Uses objects to play similar to adults using them. • Plays alone on floor with toys. • Possessive with toys, people, objects. • Approaches other children, imitates. • Wants stuffed animal, doll, or blanket in bed. • Enjoys being held and read to. • Needs and expects routines. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  28. 13-15 Months Social-Emotional • Exchanges many back & forth smiles, gestures, sounds in a row. Gives kisses. • Uses sounds, pointing or showing gestures to draw attention to something of interest, or to get needs met. • Explores environment using people most attached to as a secure base. Prefers some people over others. • Fears may include: dark, high places, pain, animals, strange persons, places, objects. • May become angry when told “No”. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  29. 16-18 Months 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  30. 16-18 Months Gross Motor • Creeps or crawls up 4 stairs without help; then step up/down stairs with assistance. • Walks alone; decreases using arms for balance; walks backwards. • Pulls toys behind while walking. • Attempts to kick a ball by walking into it, then using foot to kick forward. • Throws ball in intended direction. • Trots or walks fast; begins to run stiffly. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  31. 16-18 Months Fine Motor • Scoops food, feeds self with spoon with minimal spilling. • Takes off some articles of clothing with help. • Places 3 pegs in pegboard; towers 3-4 blocks. • Scribbles spontaneously; imitates crayon stroke. • Cooperates in handwashing. • Learning to brush teeth with help. • Turns single pages. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  32. 16-18 Months Cognition • Identifies shoe, clothing, object, body part. • Starting to sort toys by categories. • Continuing to experiment with problem-solving and consequences. • Demonstrates functional use of objects toward objects. • Likes to take things apart. • Autosymbolic play – pretends to go to sleep or eat. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  33. 16-18 Months Cognition • Uses most common objects and toys appropriately. • Tool use emerging • May find hidden toys (in a box or under cloth). • Begins symbolic representation: images & words come to stand for familiar objects; new means of problem solving through symbolic combinations. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  34. 16-18 Months Language • Responds to requests for play actions (push car, kiss doll) • Follows directions with 1, 2, maybe 3 steps. • Asks for ‘more’; says all gone, oh-oh, hi, bye • Says several single words; may connect 2 words. • Vocabulary spurt: comprehends/says 5-15 words, expands to about 20, then 50+. • Understands a lot more than can say. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  35. 16-18 Months Language • Uses at least 4 different consonants in babbling words. • Uses lots of gestures with words to get needs met. • Names object. • Repeats words overheard in conversation. • Beginning true verbal communication: words follow functional and semantic relations. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  36. 16-18 Months Social-Emotional • Enjoys playing with other children. • Imitates other children at play. • Initiates social contacts with peer in play. • Greets people with ‘hi’. • Imitates housework. • Shows preferences. • Shows signs of empathy. • Wish for independence is strong. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  37. Safety • Greater movement, exploration • Child-proofing • Blocking areas – stairs, outside • Car restraints • Poisons • Water • Constant monitoring 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  38. Routines • Toddlers thrive on regularity. Major changes to routine are challenging. • Need regular nap, bed, bath, snack, and meal times. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  39. Wrap-up • Questions • Discussion • In-service evaluation • Follow-up • Next Session covers 18-36 months: November 18 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

  40. References • In addition to the provided resource materials listed on the in-service agenda, various textbooks and other reference materials used for this presentation are available upon request. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson

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