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Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years

Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years. Chapter 8. First Appearance of Basic Emotions. Understanding Emotions of Others. Emotional Contagion Early infancy Recognize Other’s Facial Expressions 7 – 10 months

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Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years

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  1. Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years Chapter 8

  2. First Appearance of Basic Emotions

  3. Understanding Emotions of Others • Emotional Contagion • Early infancy • Recognize Other’s Facial Expressions • 7–10 months • Social Referencing - Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of it • Babies look at their caregivers upon encountering a new person or toy

  4. Self-Conscious Emotions • Shame • Embarrassment • Guilt • Envy • Pride • Emerge middle of second year • Need adult instruction about when to feel them

  5. The foundation of personality… Temperament

  6. Structure of Temperament • Kagan – Infant’s temperament video • Easy – 40% • Difficult – 10% • Slow-to-warm-up – 15% • Unclassified – 35%

  7. Genetics and Environment in Temperament

  8. Developmental Issues in Infancy • Developing Attachments – video (Bowlby & Ainsworth) • Secure attachment: baby cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and greets the caregiver happily upon his or her return • Avoidant attachment: baby rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact upon his or her return • Ambivalent (resistant) attachment: baby becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return

  9. Factors that Affect Attachment Security • Opportunity for attachment • Quality of caregiving • Interactional synchrony • Infant characteristics • Family circumstances • Parents’ internal working models

  10. Multiple Attachments • Fathers • Siblings • Grandparents • Professional caregivers

  11. Factors that Affect Attachment of Children in Child Care • Initial Attachment Quality • Family Circumstances • Quality of Child Care • Developmentally Appropriate Practice • Extent of Child Care

  12. Attachment and Later Development • Secure attachment related to positive outcomes in: • Preschool • Middle childhood • Continuity of caregiving may link infant attachment and later development.

  13. Contact With Other Children • Siblings • Rivalry is often present, as is affection • The more securely attached siblings are to their parents, the better they get along with each other

  14. Contact With Other Children • Sociability With Nonsiblings • Some children are more sociable than others, due to such temperamental traits as mood, readiness to accept new people, and ability to adapt to change

  15. Children of Working Parents • The Impact Of Early Child Care • Most important element in the quality of care is the caregiver; stimulating interactions with responsive adults are crucial to early cognitive, linguistic, and psychosocial development

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