Biodiversity in Minnesota

1. Biodiversity in Minnesota Ring-Necked Pheasant Bison Bowfin Spotted Salamander Shag Bark Hickory Wild Licorice By Bryce Woitas

2. Ring-Necked Pheasant • Male- adults are medium sized chicken like birds • Long pointed tails • Wings long • Face is red and bare • Head has iridescent green on it • Known for a white ring around neck • Chest is maroon. • Spurs halfway up leg • Body is brown, with some orange

3. Ring-Necked Pheasant • Female • Mottled brown • Small black spots on her back • Long, pointed tail with black stripes or “barring”

4. Ring-Necked Pheasant • Reproduces – lays eggs, nests on the ground • Food—omnivore, scratches on ground digs with bill for seeds, grains, grasses, leaves, roots, wild fruit, nuts and insects • Predators—coyotes, foxes, hawks, owls, crows, stripped skunk, racoons • Habitat—grassland, agland, ditches, hedges, marshes, and woodland borders

5. Ring-Necked Pheasant cont. • Population--increased 68 percent from 2011 • expected to harvest about 290,000 roosters this fall. • Diseases--Botulism, Coccidiosis owl typhoid, erysipelas, fowl cholera, avian tuberculosis, navel ill, crooked toe(young birds), Newcastle disease, eye infections and worms.

6. Ring-Necked Pheasant cont. • Fun Facts—”harem-defense polygyny” one male watches over a small group of females • 34 species or “races” of pheasants • Known to stay on roost several days during bad weather without eating • Hunted or Harvested • Both- raised by game farms for sale for hunting or eating • Hunted by a person using a trained dog

7. Bison • Description • Male— length from 3.6 m to 3.8 m • height at the shoulder ranging from 1.67 m to 1.86 m. • Shoulder hump and huge head • Fur color is brown, which can vary in shades • Easier to see in the males is the longer hair in the front of the body. • Fur color is shades of brown • Black horns which curve up and in with sharp tips • Hooves are black and round and splitT

8. Bison • Female Description • length 2.13 m to 3.18 m • Tall at the shoulders 1.52 m to 1.57 m • Huge head and shoulder hump • Same type of coat, hooves and horns as male • Female is smaller than the male

9. Bison • Habitat– grasslands, open savannas of North America. Found in some boreal habitats to semi-desert habitats. Mostly raised in MN. In the past they free ranged across southern MN. • Diseases-- Pink Eye, Malignant Catarrhal Fever r Johne’s Disease Capture Myopathy Calf Scours, Brucellosis, Bison Bovine, Viral Diarrhea, Bacillary Hemoglobinuria Anaplasmosis

10. Bison • Food—graze year around, grass eaters may eat sagebrush is grass is gone, need water every day • Population— only evidence of large herds are now found in MN from bones, rocks rubbed smooth and “wallows” from thousands of buffalo passing thru, currently herd s are captive in parks or privately owned • Reproduction–polygynous, dominant bulls tend group of females, Gestation is 285 days, live birth, baby drinks milk from mother • Hunted or Harvested—presently raised for meat or breeding programs

11. Bison • Fun Facts– Bison can be found at Blue Mounds State Park and have a herd around 100 animals • Once were a major source of meat and hides for the United States • Are considered a “keystone” factor in Prairie communities • Predators—wolves, mountain lions and humans

12. Bowfin • Description • Male- and Female - medium-sized, greenish, tubular, olive-green fish • scale less head ,two barbels on its face • dorsal fin stretches most of the length of its back • Mn record size is 10 lbs 15 oz., can grow to 20, and 3 feet long • Males have a black spot circled in green at base of their tail.

13. Bowfin • Reproduction—male builds a nest of vegitation pieces • Female lays eggs, male expresses milt, male guards eggs, babies hatch then cling to bottom with their noses, male stays with babies for a few weeks • Food--fish, crayfish, insects, amphibians, and crustaceans • Predators—other predatory fish, and bowfish will eat other bowfish babies • Habitat--

14. Bowfin • Habitat– found in MN lakes and streams • Like slow-moving , clear water • can live in swampy, weedy areas • Population—”Abundant” in MN • Diseases—

15. Bowfin • Fun Facts— • Has the ability to breath air. • Considered an “excellent fighter,” pulls hard when trying to reel them in. “A farmer once found a live bowfin in moist soil when he ploughed a field that had been flooded a few weeks before. In recent years, fish farmers have shown interest in making bowfin eggs into caviar.” http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fish/bowfin.html

16. Bowfin • Hunted or Harvested—not considered a good food fish, fished for the sport, mostly caught in spring and early summer • Season/Regulations--Bowfishing May 1 to the last Sunday in February

17. Spotted Salamander • Descriptions- • Male and Female— • They can be 6 to 7 3/4 inches long • Males have longer thicker tails, tail fins noticeable • Barely noticeable on the females • Males are brightly colored during breeding season • Color is black, bluish black, or gray ground color • Yellow or orange spots on back and from head to tail • Belly and sides are dark grey

18. Spotted Salamander • Reproduction— • Adults migrate to ponds in spring • Males nudge and rub females • male drops a spermatophoren, females walk over them and pick them up with their cloacal lips • Female can lay up to 200 eggs in a clump, can be on top or under water • Clump is covered with a jelly-like coating to protect the eggs from predators • Eggs hatch in a few weeks • They hatch as larvae , grow 2 to 4 months

19. Spotted Salamander • Food—they eat: • earthworms • insects • anything they can catch and swallow • Predators—foxes, fish, crows, snakes and bears

20. Spotted Salamander • Habitat— woodlands • need ponds for breeding • Spends time in other animal s burrows, • comes out during heavy rains • Population—April 26, 2001 seven Spotted Salamander egg masses found in Nemadji State Forest • Diseases--gas bubble disease ,metabolic bone disease

21. Spotted Salamander • Fun Facts— the oils from human hands are toxic to salamanders • Each salamander has a unique spot pattern • Salamander means “Fire Lover” • Hunted or harvested- seasons & regulations- originally giant salamanders were hunted Present day salamanders may be purchased in a pet store.

22. Shag Bark Hickory • Description—Also known as Carya ovata, has loose-plated bark

23. Shagbark Hickory • Bark, leaves, fruit and seeds- • has fruit or nuts that are 1 to 3 together • individual fruits are 3 to 6 cm in size • ripens September thru October • disperses its seeds thru December

24. Shagbark Hickory • Seed disbursement—monoecious and flowers in the spring • Diseases—vulnerable to fire • Butt rot, Canker rot, trunk rot, anthracnose, mildew, bunch disease, Crown gall, • up to180 species of insects and mites can infest • affected by at least 133 known fungi

25. Shagbark Hickory • Economics- food for wildlife, coppice fuel wood, charcoal-producing wood, hickory lumber used in furniture, flooring, and tool handles • Fun Facts– hickory is used for ladder rungs, dowels • Mammals such as : chipmunks, black bears, foxes, rabbits, and white-footed mice eat hickory nuts. • Birds such as : mallards, wood ducks, bobwhites and wild turkeys eat hickory nuts

26. Wild Licorice • Description— • Up to 3 feet tall • Pale yellow flowers in thick clusters • Leaves are compound with 11 to 19 leaflets • Blooms June thru August • Fruit is ¾ of an inch long and is covered in hooked prickles • Turns brown by the end of summer • Needs sun, moist fields, prairies

27. Wild Licorice • Pale yellow flowers in thick clusters • Leaves are compound with 11 to 19 leaflets • Blooms June thru August

28. Wild Licorice • Seed disbursement • Fruit is ¾ of an inch long and is covered in hooked prickles • Turns brown by the end of summer

29. Wild Licorice • Uses-- • Used for medicinal purposes such as, cough, tuberculosis, cough, some problems of tuberculosis, chest complaints like bronchitis, constipation, relieve inflammation in mucus membranes • Fun Facts— • American Indians grew it for its roots which tasted like sweet licorice. • Many Chinese herbal formulas contain Wild licorice

30. Bibliography • Ring-Necked Pheasant • http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Ring-necked_Pheasant/id • http://news.dnr.state.mn.us/2012/09/04/minnesotas-pheasant-index-up-68-percent-from-2011/http://www.minnesotapf.org/page/1000/MN-Predators.jsp • http://www.avianweb.com/pheasantdiseases.html • Bison • http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Bison_bison/ • http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=mn+bison&view=detail&id=A1397859AFC556EC7E62EABEB74AF26B3157A810 • http://www.bisoncentre.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=42&Itemid=43 • Bowfin • http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fish/bowfin.html • http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=female+image+of+bowfin+fish&view=detail&id=6B61E2DFB2DAC60663C94A3DA4C4FE8999236935&qpvt=female+image+of+bowfin+fish • http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fishing/seasons.html# • Spotted Salamander • http://www.herpnet.net/Minnesota-Herpetology/salamanders/SpottedSalamander.html • http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/reptiles_amphibians/salamanders/spotted.html • http://www.buzzle.com/articles/spotted-salamander-facts.html • http://www.shadescreek.org/Salamander%20Facts.html

31. Bibliography http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/carya/ovata.htm http://www.google.com/search?num=10&hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=952&bih=503&q=shagbark+hickory&oq=shagbar&gs_l=img.3.0.0l5j0i24l5.1609.3922.0.5516.7.7.0.0.0.0.312.1030.0j3j1j1.5.0...0.0...1ac.1.h3SLEVriaLM Spotted Salamander http://www.herpnet.net/Minnesota-Herpetology/salamanders/SpottedSalamander.html http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/reptiles_amphibians/salamanders/spotted.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/spotted-salamander-facts.html http://www.shadescreek.org/Salamander%20Facts.html Shagbark Hickory

32. Bibliography • Wild Licorice • http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=active&biw=952&bih=503&site=imghp&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=Minnesota+Wild+Licorice&oq=Minnesota+Wild+Licorice&gs_l=img.3...9532.14422.0.16969.13.5.0.0.0.0.407.1251.0j1j3j0j1.5.0...0.0...1c.1.f2H4kwE2Cyc • http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/wildflowers/wildlicorice.html • http://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wild-licorice • http://www.holoweb.com/cannon/wildd.htm • http://www.cloverleaffarmherbs.com/licorice/#sthash.Z4qHRVWP.dpbs