Review

1. Review Free Energy, Enzymes, Cell Respiration, Immune System

2. Chapter 8 0 An Introductionto Metabolism

3. 0 • A solution of starch at room temperature does not decompose rapidly to a sugar solution because • the starch solution has less free energy than the sugar solution. • the hydrolysis of starch to sugar is endergonic. • the activation energy barrier cannot be surmounted in most of the starch molecules. • starch cannot be hydrolyzed in the presence of so much water. • starch hydrolysis is nonspontaneous.

4. Which curve was generated using an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in hot springs at temperatures of 70ºC or higher? curve 1 curve 2 curve 3 curve 4 curve 5 0

5. 0 • Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following? • denaturization of the enzyme • allosteric inhibition • competitive inhibition • noncompetitive inhibition • insufficient cofactors

6. Which of the following represents the ∆G of the reaction? a b c d e 0

7. 0 • Which of the following would be the same in an enzyme-catalyzed or -uncatalyzed reaction? • a • b • c • d • e

8. In the following branched metabolic pathway, a dotted arrow with a minus sign symbolizes inhibition of a metabolic step by an end product:Which reaction would prevail if both Q and S were present in the cell in high concentrations? L → M M → O L → N O → P R → S 0

9. Chapter 9 0 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

10. 0 • When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which ofthe following changes occur? • The pH of the matrix increases. • ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. • The electrons gain free energy. • The cytochromes of the chain phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. • NAD+ is oxidized.

11. In the presence of a metabolic poison that specifically and completely inhibit the function of mitochondrial ATP synthase, which of the following would you expect? • a decrease in the pH difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane • an increase in the pH difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane • increased synthesis of ATP • oxygen consumption to cease • proton pumping by the electron transport chain to cease

12. In the 1940s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a drug called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after a few patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+. What impact does this have on ATP production? * • reduces substrate level phosphorylations • increases substrate level phosphorylations • reduces oxidative level phosphorylations • increase oxidative level phosphorylations • This would have no impact on ATP production.

13. After Day 2 • Glucose, made from six radioactively labeled carbon atoms, is fed to yeast cells in the absence of oxygen. How many molecules of radioactive alcohol (C2H5OH) are formed from each molecule of glucose? • 0 • 1 • 2 • 3 • 6

14. Cyanide is a poison that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain. Which of the following is a metabolic effect of this poison? • The lower pH of the intermembrane space is much lower than normal. • Electrons are passed directly to oxygen, causing cells to explode. • Alcohol would build up in the cells. • NADH supplies would be exhausted, and ATP synthesis would cease. • No proton gradient would be produced, and ATP synthesis would cease.

15. Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? • an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell • an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it • an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized • an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ • an agent that inhibits the formation of acetyl coenzyme A

16. After Day 2 • A young relative of yours has never had much energy. He goes to a doctor for help and is sent to the hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition? • His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. • His cells can not move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. • His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. • His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate. • His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA.

17. 0 • You have a friend who lost 15 pounds of fat on a diet. The glycerol from fat can be converted into an intermediate in Glycolysis, and the fatty acids can be converted into Acetyl CoA before entering the Krebs Cycle. Where did the fat go (how was it lost)? * • It was released as CO2 and H2O. • Chemical energy was converted to heat and then released. • It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. • It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body. • It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.

18. Chapter 43 0 The Body’s Defenses

19. A transfusion of type B blood given to a person who has type A blood would result in • the recipient’s anti-B antibodies reacting with the donated red blood cells. • the recipient’s B antigens reacting with the donated anti-B antibodies. • the recipient forming both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. • no reaction, because B is a universal donor type of blood. • the introduced blood cells being destroyed by nonspecific defense mechanisms.

20. Which of the following describes the main difference between an inflammatory response and an immune response? • The inflammatory response responds only to free pathogens in a localized area; the immune response responds only to pathogens that have entered body cells. • The inflammatory response involves only leukocytes, whereas the immune response involves only lymphocytes. • The inflammatory response relies on phagocytes to destroy pathogens, whereas the immune response relies on antibodies to destroy pathogens. • The inflammatory response is nonspecific, whereas the immune response reacts to specific microbes on the basis of their different antigens. • Complement proteins participate in the immune response but not in the inflammatory response.

21. Jenner successfully used cowpox virus as a vaccine against a different virus that causes smallpox. Why was he successful even though he used viruses of different kinds? * • All of the below are true. • The immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. • The cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. • Cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. • There are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses.

22. The clonal selection theory implies that • related people have similar immune responses. • antigens activate specific lymphocytes. • only certain cells can produce interferon. • memory cells are present at birth. • the body selects which antigens it will respond to.

23. Use the graph below to answer the following question. When would you find antibodies being produced? between 3 and 7 days between 14 and 21 days between 28 and 35 days Both B and C are correct. Both A and C are correct. Fig 43.1

24. All of the following statements about antibodies are true except • Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins • Antibodies bind with foreign cells and destroy them. • The structure of antibodies includes both a constant and a variable region. • Antibodies act as signals to blood complement proteins or phagocytes. • Plasma B cells are responsible for the production of antibodies.

25. A transfusion of type A blood given to a person who has type O blood would result in • the recipient's B antigens reacting with the donated anti-B antibodies. • the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells. • the recipient's anti-A and anti-O antibodies reacting with the donated red blood cells if the donor was a heterozygote (Ai) for blood type. • no reaction because type O is a universal donor. • no reaction because the O-type individual does not have antibodies.