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Disaccharides

Disaccharides: two monosaccharides can form a disaccharide with a glycosidic bond. The glycosidic bond can be alpha or beta with respect to the anomeric carbon. Disaccharides. Sucrose: Table sugar/sugar. Formed from glucose and fructose. Common Disaccharides.

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Disaccharides

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  1. Disaccharides: two monosaccharides can form a disaccharide with a glycosidic bond. The glycosidic bond can be alpha or beta with respect to the anomeric carbon. Disaccharides

  2. Sucrose: Table sugar/sugar. Formed from glucose and fructose. Common Disaccharides

  3. Maltose: Produced during digestion of starch and ultimately hydrolyzed (broken apart by water) into glucose to be used by the body; produced by malt in the manufacture of beer. Formed from Common Disaccharides

  4. Lactose: Major carbohydrate of mammalian milk; an individual who is lactose intolerant is deficient in the enzyme necessary to hydrolyze the beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage in lactose. Common Disaccharides

  5. Polysaccharides Polysaccharides: Polymers of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic linkages. • Cellulose: Consists of numerous beta-D-Glucose monomers connected by beta-1,4-linkages.

  6. Polysaccharides Continued… • Starch: Consists of numerous alpha-1,4 glycosidic links. Consists of amylose (20%) and amylopectin (80%). Plants use starch for carbohydrate storage. They can break starch down into glucose monomers for energy. • Amylose: consists of hundreds to about a thousand alpha-D-glucose monomers linked by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds. The straight chain forms a coil. (Figure A below) • Amylopectin: Has thousands of the glucose monomers connected by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds and has branching glucoses approximately every 25 units along the chain. (Figures B and C below) • Glycogen: Structure is the same as amylopectin, but with more frequent banching (every 8-12 glucose units is branched). Serves as the source of carbohydrate energy storage in animals. (Figures B and C below) A B C

  7. Problems 1. Which of the following are anomers: • D-glucose and L-glucose • Alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-glucose • D-glucose and D-galactose • Sucrose and maltose • Which of the following is a polysaccharide made up of D-glucose units with beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages? • Glucose • Maltose • Cellulose • Glycogen

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