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Techniques expérimentelles

Techniques expérimentelles. Barbara Hemforth. What’s in an experiment?. The goal of an experiment is to find causal relations between variables that can be manipulated experimentally and observable variables. manipulated variables: independent variables

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Techniques expérimentelles

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  1. Techniques expérimentelles Barbara Hemforth

  2. What’s in an experiment? • The goal of an experiment is to find causal relations between variables that can be manipulated experimentally and observable variables. • manipulated variables: independent variables • observable variables: dependent variables • This is the major difference between experiments and correlational studies (e.g., most corpus studies)

  3. Minimal contrasts • The essential condition for a causal interpretation is that only the intended variable is manipulated. • Most of the preparation time for experiments is spent on excluding the influence of potential confounds.

  4. Planning du cours • Aujourd’hui • Techniques psycholinguistiques • Facteurscognitifs • Questions d’éthique • 11.03. • Plans d’expériences • Magnitude estimations • Mettre en place uneexpérience type questionnaire

  5. Psycholinguistictechniques • Off-line: The measurementismade after theprocesshasfinished. • Questionnaires • Cloze/Completion Task • Judgements (Ratings) • Grammaticality • Acceptability • Plausibility • Magnitude Estimation • Rapid Sequential Visual Presentation (RSVP) • Speededgrammaticalityjudgments • On-line: The measurementismadeduringtheprocessofsentencecomprehension. • Self-pacedreading • Eye-tracking • Event relatedpotentials, ERPs Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  6. Self-paced reading • Rationale: Cognitive workload is reflected in reading times. • Participants read the sentences / texts on a monitor. • Presentation • Word-by-word • Segment-by-segment / phrase-by-phrase • sentence • Subjects control the pace by pushing a button • The time between two button-presses is considered an estimate of the reading time on a segment Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  7. Self-paced reading, stationary window • While the audience applauded the actor left the stage. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  8. Self-paced reading, stationary window While Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  9. Self-paced reading, stationary window the Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  10. Self-paced reading, stationary window audience Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  11. Self-paced reading, stationary window applauded Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  12. Self-paced reading, stationary window the Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  13. Self-paced reading, stationary window actor Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  14. Self-paced reading, stationary window left Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  15. Self-paced reading, stationary window the Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  16. Self-paced reading, stationary window stage. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  17. Self-paced reading, moving window • Cumulative display. ----- --- -------- --------- --- ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  18. Self-paced reading, moving window While --- -------- --------- --- ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  19. Self-paced reading, moving window While the -------- --------- --- ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  20. Self-paced reading, moving window While the audience --------- --- ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  21. Self-paced reading, moving window While the audience applauded --- ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  22. Self-paced reading, moving window While the audience applauded the ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  23. Self-paced reading, moving window While the audience applauded the actor ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  24. Self-paced reading, moving window While the audience applauded the actor left --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  25. Self-paced reading, moving window While the audience applauded the actor left the -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  26. Self-paced reading, moving window While the audience applauded the actor left the stage. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  27. Self-paced reading, moving window • Non-cumulative display. ----- --- -------- --------- --- ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  28. Self-paced reading, moving window While --- -------- --------- --- ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  29. Self-paced reading, moving window ----- the -------- --------- --- ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  30. Self-paced reading, moving window ----- --- audience --------- --- ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  31. Self-paced reading, moving window ----- --- -------- applauded --- ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  32. Self-paced reading, moving window ----- --- -------- --------- the ----- ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  33. Self-paced reading, moving window ----- --- -------- --------- --- actor ---- --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  34. Self-paced reading, moving window ----- --- -------- --------- --- ----- left --- -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  35. Self-paced reading, moving window ----- --- -------- --------- --- ----- ---- the -----. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  36. Self-paced reading, moving window ----- --- -------- --------- --- ----- ---- --- stage. Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  37. Eyetracking • Fixation locations and fixation durations reflect processing properties • Measures: • First fixation duration: • First pass reading time (gaze): • Regression path duration (Go past, total pass) • Total reading time Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  38. First Fixation Duration Claire knew the answer to the physics problem was wrong and decided ... Time Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  39. First pass reading time Claire knew the answer to the physics problem was wrong and decided ... Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  40. Regression path duration („go past“) Claire knew the answer to the physics problem was wrong and decided ... Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  41. Total reading time Claire knew the answer to the physics problem was wrong and decided ... Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  42. Head Mounted Eye Tracker

  43. Head Mounted Eyetracker à Rochester (labo de Mike Tanenhaus) Eye camera Scene camera

  44. Techniques 4: ERPs (Event-relatedpotentials) • Potential shiftsreflectprocessingcharacteristics • Semantic/lexical Integration: N400 • Early syntacticprocesses: ~N200 (ELAN, LAN) • Reanalysis / Repair: P600 • Topography: Potential shiftscomeup in different electrodes • N200: leftanterior (LAN) • N400: central, bothhemispheres • P600: parietal, bothhemispheres • Sustained frontal negativity: Working Memory Psycholinguistique: Compréhension 1

  45. Controlling cognitive factors • Genera cognitive factors influence linguistic processes • Working memory • Linguistic experience • Executive functions • Vocabulary size • …

  46. Linguistic background Participant : Date : Questionnaire Histoire Linguistique Profession/ études : ______________________________ Âge : _______ sexe : _______ chiralité : _________ œil dominant :__________ Région où vous avez passé votre enfance et adolescence : ____________________________________________________ Langue maternelle : ___________________ Autres langues : Niveau : de 1 (mauvais) à 10 (excellent) _____________________________ ________ _____________________________ ________ _____________________________ ________ _____________________________ ________

  47. Habitudes de lecture quotidienne Indiquez s’il vous plaît en heures et minutes combien de temps par jour, vous passez en moyenne à lire et à écrire (textes, email, etc.). Précisez le genre de médias consultés (livres, journaux, courriels, sites web, blogs, chats, lettres, etc.). Un exemple pour vous aider : les étudiants en littérature lisent environ 7 h par jour, les personnes du même âge travaillant dans des professions artisanales lisent en moyenne entre 1h et 1h30 par jour. Lire : ____h ____min. Ecrire : ____h ____min. Dans quelles langues (en %) : Support papier : ____h ____min. ____h ____min. _______________ Online (sur ordinateur) : ____h ____min. ____h ____min. _______________ Dont : Communication : Email/Chat/SMS ? ____h ____min. ____h ____min. _______________ Autres : _____________________ ____h ____min. ____h ____min. _______________ II. Acquisition de la lecture A quel âge avez-vous appris à lire et à écrire ? _______________ A quel âge étiez-vous un bon lecteur ? _______________ Avez-vous rencontré des difficultés particulières durant votre apprentissage de la lecture ? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Remarques: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  48. Empan linguistique

  49. Consignes • Dans cette expérience, vous aurez à lire une phrase par page. Pour avancer, cliquez sur le bouton gauche de la souris. • Veuillez lire les phrases à haute voix. Dès que vous aurez terminé une phrase, cliquez pour passer à la prochaine sans pause. • Essayez de retenir le dernier mot de chaque phrase. Quand vous verrez un écran blanc, répétez alors les mots que vous aurez retenus. Vous n’êtes pas obligé de les répéter dans l’ordre, mais ne commencez pas avec le dernier mot que vous avez lu. • Nous commencerons avec quelques essais pour vous familiariser à la tâche.

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