The Skeletal System

1. The Skeletal System Your Bones

2. Functions of the Skeletal System • Protection & Support • Your heart and lungs are protected by ribs, your spinal cord is protected by vertebrae, and your brain is protected by the skull. • Storage • Bones store minerals that help your nerves and muscles function properly. Long bones store fat that can be used for energy. • Movement • Skeletal muscles pull on bones to produce movement. Without bones, you would not be able to sit, stand, walk, or run. • Blood Cell Formation • Some of your bones are filled with a special material that makes blood cells. This material is called marrow.

3. Skeleton is the Body’s Framework • Axial Skeleton • Skull, spinal column, ribs, pelvis • Protect vital organs • Appendicular Skeleton • Legs and arms • Provide movement

4. Classification of Bones: Long Bones • Provides long movements • Long bones have large openings or cavities. • The cavities in the center of long bones and the spaces in spongy bone are filled with fatty tissue called marrow. Examples: • Arms • Legs

5. Classification of Bones: Short Bones • Short bones provide short movements Examples: • Wrists • Ankles

6. Classification of Bones: Irregular Bones • Examples of irregular bones: • Vertebrate • Skull

7. Classification of Bones: Flat Bones • Flat bones provide protection Examples: • Skull • Chest • Ribs • Shoulders

8. Two Types of Bone: Compact Bone • Dense tissue located on outside of bone • Responsible for support and protection • Very hard and strong layers of the bone • Contains bone cells, blood vessels, and a protein base or scaffolding with deposits of calcium and phosphorus. • The flexible protein base keeps bone from being too rigid and brittle or easily broken

9. Two Types of Bone: Spongy Bone • Located toward the end of long bones • Example: Humerus • Less compact and has small openings that make these bones lightweight • Strong • Spaces in the spongy bone are filled with a fatty tissue called marrow which makes red blood cells • Contains blood vessels

10. Parts of Bones: Bone Marrow • Like a fatty tissue • Contains spongy bones • Produces red blood cells (more than 2 million per second) • Produces white blood cells

11. Types of Bone Marrow • Red Bone Marrow • Produces red blood cells • Found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and long bones • Yellow Bone Marrow • Stores fats

12. Parts of Bones: Blood Vessels • Has blood vessels that bring 02 and food to bone cells.

13. Parts of Bones: Cartilage • Thick, smooth layer at the ends of bones • Do not contain blood vessels or minerals • Flexible at joints, absorbs shock. • Makes movement easier by reducing friction • Result in arthritis when it is worn out • Cartilage-tough flexible connective tissue found on the outer ear or tip of the nose • Cushions the bones and prevents them from rubbing together • Pads between bone structures

14. Parts of Bones: Cartilage (cont.) Disks • Pads of cartilage that are found between the vertebrae • Cartilage acts as a cushion and prevents injury to the spinal cord

15. Joints • A joint is a place where two or more bones come together or meet • Joints are places between bones that enable the framework of a skeleton to be flexible and to also be a storehouse for minerals. • Joints are held together by ligaments.

16. Three Types of Joints • Fixed joint (fused) • does not allow movement • Ex: Skull • Partially moveable joint • allows small movements • Ex: Spinal column/vertebrae • Moveable Joints • allows full movement • Ex: Neck, arms, legs

17. Types of Joints: Moveable—Ball & Socket • Allows movement in all directions • Rotational or circular • Ex: Shoulder, hips

18. Types of Joints: Moveable—Hinge • Allows movement in one direction • Moves back-and-forth • Ex: Knee, elbow, fingers, toes

19. Types of Joints: Moveable—Pivot • Allows rotating movements • Bones rotate around each other • Ex: Neck, 1st/2nd vertebrae, elbow

20. Types of Joints: Moveable—Gliding • Allows sliding movements • Bones slide over each other • Ex: Small bones of wrist and ankle, vertebrae

21. Bone Development • Before you were born, your skeleton was first made in the form of cartilage. • Over the years, the cartilage was broken down and replaced by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts.

22. Bone Development (cont.) Osteoblasts • The cells deposit calcium and phosphorus that make bone tissue hard. • Bone cells that build up bone. • At birth, your skeleton was made up of more than 300 bones; but as you developed, some bones fused or grew together • Bone tissue is always being formed and reformed

23. Bone Development (cont.) Osteoclast • A second type of bone cell that breaks down tissue in other areas • It is a normal process in a healthy person • When osteoclasts break down bone, calcium and phosphorus are released. • This process keeps the calcium and phosphorus in your bloodstream at about the same level.

24. Injuries & Diseases: Osteoporosis • A disease that breaks down bone, causing it to become brittle and weak • Bones become less dense • Causes of the disease • Diet low in calcium • Consuming to much caffeine • Getting too little exercise

25. Injuries & Diseases: Arthritis • Arthritis is a disease that causes the joints to swell or stiffen.

26. Injuries & Diseases: Fractures • A break occurs in the bone • Can be small or large • Ligaments can be stretched or torn

27. Dem Bones Song • Dem Bones, Dem Bones • Dem Bones, Dem Bones • Dem Dry Bones • Dem Bones, Dem Bones • Dem Dry Bones • Now Hear the Word of Ms. Laudemann • The Phalanges connected to the tarsals • Tarsals connected to the fibula • The fibula beside the tibia • Now hear the word of Miss Laudemann • Fibula and tibia connected to the patella • Patella connected to the femur • The femur connected to the pelvis • Pelvis connected to the vertebrae • Now hear the word of Ms. Laudemann • Vertebrae connected to the ribs • Ribs connected to the sternum • Sternum connected to the clavicle • Now hear the word of Ms. Laudemann Clavicle connected to the scapula Scapula connected to the humerus Humerus connected to the ulna Ulna beside the radius Radius connected to the carpals Carpals connected to the phalanges Now hear the word of Ms. Laudemann Dem Bones, Dem Bones Dem Dry Bones Now we’re not finished yet Vertebrae connected to mandible Mandible connected to maxilla Maxilla connected to the cranium Now hear the word of Mrs. Hoehn Dem Bones, Dem Bones Dem Dry Bones They Make the Skeleton!!!!!!!!!!

28. Use your Science Saurus P. 85 to help you fill out your skeleton.

29. cranium / skull maxilla mandible clavicle scapula ribs sternum humerus vertebrae radius pelvis ulna metacarpals carpals femur phalanges patella sacrum tibia fibula coccyx metatarsals tarsals phalanges