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Context-Free Languages

Context-Free Languages. Regular Languages. Context-Free Languages. Regular Languages. stack. automaton. Context-Free Languages. Context-Free Grammars. Pushdown Automata. Context-Free Grammars. Grammars. Grammars express languages Example: the English language.

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Context-Free Languages

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  1. Context-Free Languages

  2. Regular Languages

  3. Context-Free Languages Regular Languages

  4. stack automaton Context-Free Languages Context-Free Grammars Pushdown Automata

  5. Context-Free Grammars

  6. Grammars • Grammars express languages • Example: the English language

  7. A derivation of “the dog walks”:

  8. A derivation of “a cat runs”:

  9. Language of the grammar: L = { “a cat runs”, “a cat walks”, “the cat runs”, “the cat walks”, “a dog runs”, “a dog walks”, “the dog runs”, “the dog walks” }

  10. Notation Production Rules Variable Terminal

  11. Another Example • Grammar: • Derivation of sentence :

  12. Grammar: • Derivation of sentence :

  13. Other derivations:

  14. Language of the grammar

  15. More Notation • Grammar Set of variables Set of terminal symbols Start variable Set of Production rules

  16. Example • Grammar :

  17. More Notation • Sentential Form: • A sentence that contains • variables and terminals • Example: Sentential Forms sentence

  18. We write: • Instead of:

  19. In general we write: • If:

  20. By default:

  21. Example Grammar Derivations

  22. Example Grammar Derivations

  23. Another Grammar Example • Grammar : Derivations:

  24. More Derivations

  25. Language of a Grammar • For a grammar • with start variable : String of terminals

  26. Example • For grammar : Since:

  27. A Convenient Notation

  28. Example A context-free grammar : A derivation:

  29. A context-free grammar : Another derivation:

  30. (((( )))) Describes parentheses:

  31. Example A context-free grammar : A derivation:

  32. A context-free grammar : Another derivation:

  33. Example A context-free grammar : A derivation:

  34. A context-free grammar : A derivation:

  35. Describes matched parentheses: () ((( ))) (( ))

  36. Definition: Context-Free Grammars Grammar Variables Terminal symbols Start variable Productions of the form: Variable String of variables and terminals

  37. Definition: Context-Free Languages • A language is context-free • if and only if • there is a context-freegrammar • with

  38. Leftmost derivation: Rightmost derivation: Derivation Order

  39. Leftmost derivation: Rightmost derivation:

  40. Derivation Trees

  41. Derivation Tree

  42. Derivation Tree yield

  43. Partial Derivation Trees Partial derivation tree

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