Biomolecules

1. Biomolecules http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/11_00/crystal_structure_image.shtml

2. Basic Chemistry • Atoms in a neutral state have an equal number of protons and electrons. • Atoms “fill up” their energy levels from the lowest to the highest. Electrons rarely “skip” levels.

3. Basic Chemistry The 1st Energy level can only hold 2 electrons. The 2nd (& all higher) energy levels can hold 8 electrons. Atoms seek to have a “full” outermost energy level. All chemical reactions happen to accomplish this.

4. Organic compounds contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other elements—typically hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other carbon atoms. • Organic Molecules include: • carbohydrates, • lipids, • Proteins • nucleic acids.

5. Carbohydrates Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1. key source of energy, found in most foods — especially fruits, vegetables, and grains The building blocks of carbohydrates are single sugars, called monosaccharides(mahn oh SAK uh reyedz).

6. glucose Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose

7. glucose glucose Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: • Sucrose (glucose+fructose) • Lactose (glucose+galactose) • Maltose (glucose+glucose)

8. glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose glucose Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn)

9. Lipids Lipids (LIHP ihdz) are nonpolar molecules that are not soluble in water. include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. Phospholipids make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

10. Lipids Fats are lipids that store energy. lipids include some light-absorbing compounds called pigments, such as the plant pigment chlorophyll. http://www.jupiterimages.com/popup2.aspx?navigationSubType=itemdetails&itemID=23486696

11. O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = saturated O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH = unsaturated =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 Lipids Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)

12. Proteins A Protein (PROH teen) is a large molecule formed by linked smaller molecules called amino acids. Other proteins are found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones. Your hair and muscles contain structural proteins and so do the fibers of a blood clot. Other proteins called antibodies help your body defend against infection. http://www.parga.gr/dynamic/images/content/Estiatoria/FreshFishSteakSampler-500.jpg

13. Proteins The membrane of cells is embedded with proteins that serve a variety of functions

14. Proteins In our cells, proteins are produced by ribosomes. Ribosomes are composed of rRNA and can be found as free ribosomes suspended in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

15. Enzymes • An enzyme is: • A protein that acts as a catalyst to changes the rate of a chemical reaction; • Not permanently changed in the process and therefore reusable; • End in – ase Sucrase Lactase Maltase

16. Enzymes Enzymes provide a way to speed up life’s essential functions without raising the temperature of the organisms body Enzymes are very specific and act like a “lock & key” to facilitate reactions within a cell.

17. Enzymes Enzymes act to bring substrates together or break them apart

18. Enzymes Enzymes are effected by things such as temperature, concentration and pH. • High temperaturesare the most dangerous reactions &denatureenzymes(Most like normal Body temperatures) • Most enzymes like near neutral pH (6 to 8)

19. Enzymes Enzymes are effected by things such as temperature, concentration and pH. • High temperaturesare the most dangerous reactions &denatureenzymes(Most like normal Body temperatures) • Most enzymes like near neutral pH (6 to 8)

20. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides. • A Nucleotide has three parts: • sugar, • base, • phosphate group,

21. Nucleic Acids DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid, consists of two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other, Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA, which stores hereditary information.

22. DNA DNA is found in the nucleolus, a round or oval body in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell;

23. DNA The (cell) nucleus is the largest, most prominent organelle in eukaryotic cells; • a round or oval body that is surrounded by the nuclear envelope; • contains the genetic information necessary for control of cell structure and function.

24. Nucleic Acids RNA or Ribonucleic acid, consists of a single strand of nucleotides. RNA contains the instructions for the creation of proteins

25. RNA RNA takes the DNA information and leaves the nucleus thru nuclear pores. Nuclear pores are largeproteincomplexes that cross thenuclear envelope, which is the doublemembranesurrounding theeukaryoticcellnucleus.

26. RNA Once the RNA leaves the nucleus it travels thru the cytoplasm. • a fluid located inside the cell membrane and outside the cell nucleus. • contains dissolved nutrients • helps materials move around the cell

27. Nucleic Acids ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate, Considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. ATP is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do.

28. http://www.hk-phy.org/articles/laser/laser_e.html • http://www.3dscience.com/3D_Models/Biology/DNA/DNA.php • http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/96/66/23486696.jpg • http://www.mcgraw-hill.com • http://www.ccrnp.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/patent/dnasequencing