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Understanding the Fundamentals of Music: Sound, Structure, and Brain Responses

Dive deep into the essence of music with this comprehensive guide. Explore what music is, how sound is organized, and the crucial elements of pitch, timbre, and loudness. Learn about chords and harmonic relationships, including consonance and dissonance, and their effects on musical perception. Discover how musical training alters brain functions, highlighting hemispheric differences in musicians and the neural responses specific to different instruments. Uncover the complexities of musical scales and the importance of structure in Western music.

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Understanding the Fundamentals of Music: Sound, Structure, and Brain Responses

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Music Or, a lecture to soothe the savage beast

  2. Music Basics • What is music? • Sound and silence temporally organized • Sounds of music • Pitch, timbre, loudness • Scale • Sequential presentation of notes • Fundamental = note at scale base, bottom note of chord • Chord • Collection of notes played simultaneously

  3. Timbre and Complexity • Harmonics • Notes at specific intervals that resonate above a fundamental • Vary in loudness • Onset, offset time • Characteristic harmonics determine timbre • Demo 1 - harmonic changes sound (track 53) Harmonics change the sound, NOT the pitch

  4. Music Physics • Consonance • Intervals of notes that when played simultaneously sound good together • Synergistic overtones • Dissonance (Track 62) • Intervals of notes that when played together sound conflicting • Interference pattern between overtones

  5. Structural Music • Scale perception • Western Music uses accents to structure sound • Asynchronous western scale • Whole step, whole step, half step, Whole step, whole step, whole step, half step • 8 notes per scale, 16 notes available • Causes leading tones • Asynchronous scales • Whole tone scale • Chromatic (half-step scale) • Same notes, no structure

  6. Music Training • Instrument specific • Present violin or trumpet to violinist or trumpeter (Pantev et al., 2001) • Event related potential (ERP) • Pattern, timing of neural response • Unspecified region • Instrument specific N1 • Attention related negativity of neural response • Larger for own instrument

  7. Brain Changes • Hemispheric Differences (e.g., Burton et al., 1989) • Musical categorization • Left or Right presentation; musician or non-musician • Musician = Right ear advantage; Non=Left ear advantage • Hemispheric specialization changes with training • Left brain: speech specialization, dynamic processing;Right brain: spatial processing • But see Zatorre (1979)

  8. Bulk up the Brain • Brain topography of musicians (Gaser & Schlaug, 2003) • Increased gray matter for parietal areas(pianists) • Somatosensory, motor coordination • Multisensory combination (visual-auditory-somatosensory) • No differences in white matter • Areas of change and magnitude instrument specific

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