John m. Murrin, et al. Liberty, Equality, Power A History of the American People

1. John m. Murrin, et al.Liberty, Equality, PowerA History of the American People Chapter 20 An Industrial Society, 1900-1920

2. Scientific Management • Fredrick Taylor • Focused on the productivity of the individual worker • ‘One best way’ to perform every task

3. Mass Production • Assembly Line Henry Ford

6. Automobile Changes America • Economic Impact • Direct Employment in industry • Raw materials and suppliers • Support industries • 10% of GDP today

7. Automobile Changes America • Social Impact • Mobility & Freedom • Demographic Changes • Interstate migration • Suburbanization • 1 Million Dead = 1951 • “House of Prostitution on Wheels”

11. Eugenics

12. Political Machines • Unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party (mostly Democratic) or group in power • Offered support (social) services to immigrant groups • Corrupt – politics for profit • Example: Tammany Hall in NYC – Run by Boss Tweed • Thomas Nast – Influential cartoonist attacking political machines and other ‘corrupt’ influences William M. “Boss” Tweed

14. Labor Unions • American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

15. Ludlow Massacre

16. The Urban Frontier • Population shift – 4 of 10 lived in cities • Segregation by race and class • Offered diversity unseen before

23. Problems of Urban Life • Crime • Impure water • Uncollected garbage • Animal waste • Disease • Over crowding

24. Dumbbell Tenements • Architecture contributed to urban problems

26. Jacob Riis, 1914

28. New Immigration • From Southern and Eastern Europe • Not Protestant (Catholic and Orthodox) and Jewish • Most did not know English or illiterate & no industrial skills • Used to more authoritarian governments • More difficult to unionize

32. The Immigrant Experience • Ethnic Neighborhoods: areas in cities where immigrants settled with others from the ‘old country’ to ease transition and preserve heritage “Little Italy” Mulberry Street, Manhattan, NYC circa 1900

34. The Immigrant Experience • Employment – menial labor or manufacturing found either through political machines or ethnic connections • Standard of living – low by US standards, but better than impoverished conditions in European cities

35. The Immigrant Experience • Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) March 25, 1911. Fighting the Fire Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Building (New York)

39. www.authentichistory.com • Select “Early 1900s” tab on the left • Select “Survivor Accounts & Victim List” Listen to two survivor accounts of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire. Read over the “List of Victims” & make three general demographic observations about the victims based on the information provided

40. The Immigrant Experience • Reaction • All levels of government (except local) ignored immigrants plight • Political Machines – helped immigrants in return for votes • Some churches preached the ‘Social Gospel’– others reflected the wealth and conservatism of its members • Settlement Houses • Community center / boarding house to aid immigrants • Hull House – Chicago (1889) Jane Adams

41. The Immigrant Experience • Reaction • American Protective Association • Nativists & Labor Union Support • Immigration Restrictions based on: • nationality, literacy tests, paupers, criminals, insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, people, carrying contagious diseases

42. Religion & New Immigration • New Numbers • 150 religious denominations in 1890 • Salvation Army & Christian Science • Catholics top other denominations in attendance • YMCA / YWCA • Darwinism • Lasting legacy

44. Contemporary Religious Diversity • 81% of American adults identify themselves with a specific religion: • 76.5% (159 million) of Americans identify themselves asChristian. This is a major slide from 86.2% in 1990. Identification with Christianity has suffered a loss of 9.7 percentage points in 11 years -- about 0.9 percentage points per year. This decline is identical to that observed inCanada between 1981 and 2001. If this trend has continued, then: • at the present time (2007-MAY), only 71% of American adults consider themselves Christians • The percentage will dip below 70% in 2008 • By about the year 2042, non-Christians will outnumber the Christians in the U.S. • 52% of Americans identified themselves as Protestant. • 24.5% areRoman Catholic. • 1.3% areJewish. • 0.5% are Muslim, followers ofIslam. • 14.1% do not follow any organized religion. This is an unusually rapid increase -- almost a doubling -- from only 8% in 1990. There are more Americans who say they are not affiliated with any organized religion than there are Episcopalians, Methodists, and Lutherans taken together. • The unaffiliated vary from a low of 3% in North Dakota to 25% in Washington. "The six states with the highest percentage of people saying they have no religion are all Western states, with the exception of Vermont at 22%."

45. Education • Compulsory elementary education in many states • Normal (teacher) schools established • Segregated Universities – HBU’s • Howard, Clark, Atlanta, Morehouse, Southern, Grambling • Private Universities related to Robber Barons (oops… I mean Captains of Industry) • Duke, Stanford, Carnegie Melon, Cornell, Vanderbilt, Chicago • Johns Hopkins – first ‘world class’ graduate program • Changing curriculum @ universities • Morril Act (1862) • states given federal lands to sell and establish agricultural colleges

46. Women & The Gilded Age • Increase in divorce & use of birth control • More women working & voting (Wyoming) • Comstock Law – allowed confiscation of ‘obscene material’ • Urbanization and the family • Margaret Sanger • Charlotte Gilman – feminist and author • Women and Economics & The Yellow Wallpaper

47. Women & The Gilded Age • National American Women Suffrage Association • Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony • Antilynching campaign • Ida B. Wells • National Prohibition Party & Woman’s Christian Temperance Union • Carrie Nation • American Red Cross • Clara Barton Carrie Nation

48. Architecture Richardsonian Craftsman Tudor Queen Anne Victorian Gothic

49. Brooklyn Bridge

50. Statue of Liberty • "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door“ • "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus (on pedestal of statue)