How Did the Foundations of Historical Globalization Affect People?

1. How Did the Foundations of Historical Globalization Affect People? Lesson 2 – Chapter 5

2. Examine Fig. 5-5 on p. 120…

3. What can you infer about London in 1616? • The Natural Environment? • Buildings and other structures? • Human Activities? • Distinctive aspects of the drawing? • The purpose of the drawing? • What would people think of London if this drawing was the only source of information?

4. Purpose of the painting?… • To show London in its best light, to show London as a major trading city and port, to “sell” London, to please the person who commissioned the painting.

5. Real illustration of London in 1616? • London in 16161 was: • Crowded • Noisy • Dirty • Unhealthy • Had slum areas • no proper sewage system or clean water supply

6. Rise of the Middle Class • In the centuries after the fall of Rome in 476 CE, European society were engulfed in wars - people lived in isolated, self-sufficient communities. • Social status was often determined by birth, and social power was defined by the amount of land a person owned. • Absolutism – a theory of government that gives all power to the monarchy. • Kings and/or Queens ruled with absolutism.

7. Rise of the Middle Class • The economy was based on arrangements between the lords who owned large rural estates and the peasants or serfs who worked for them. • In return for the lord’s protection, peasants and serfs gave their loyalty and obedience. • At the same time, towns and cities were growing - attracting traders, craftspeople, bankers, entrepreneurs, artists, and scholars.

8. Rise of the Middle Class • These earliest townspeople and city dwellers were the earliest middle class — people who earned money by practising a trade or craft. • Their independence fostered a sense of individualism, a belief that people should be able to act freely. • As a result, they often valued education and welcomed innovations such as exploration, scientific discoveries, and new technologies. • Thus the Age of Reason (1650 and 1800) was born – people began to rely on reason to solve their problems rather than on accepted ways of thought.

9. Rise of the Middle Class • As the middle class grew larger and more influential, trade became even more important — and Europeans began to look for ways to increase profits by expanding trade.

10. Read p. 122 - Global Competition for Trade • In the centuries after Columbus’s first expedition European countries with strong seafaring traditions — Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch, and the French - began competing to establish colonial empires in the Americas and on other continents. • This European imperialism was motivated by Gold, Glory and God. • Gold – increase wealth in a nation • Glory – the desire for adventures – make a name for oneself • God – the desire of Christian missionaries to find converts • This style of Old Imperialism brought economic prosperity, and economic prosperity brought power.

11. Read p. 122 - Mercantilism • From the 16th to the 18th centuries, European governments strictly controlled trade. To ensure prosperity, they believed that the balance of trade must favour the home country: its exports must be higher than its imports. • As a result, colonies were viewed as a source of cheap raw materials. • A colony’s raw materials were to be shipped to the home country and only there could they be used to make finished products. • The products made in the European country were then shipped back to the colony and sold.

12. Read p. 122 - Mercantilism • To keep their own colonial markets strong, governments often prohibited colonies from importing goods from other European countries. • This eliminated competition and meant that people in colonies could buy only goods made in the home country – a controlled market to sell goods to.

13. Read p. 122 – Decline of Mercantilism • 18th century - many people began to resist mercantilism - especially strong in Britain’s American colonies. • 1776 – American colonists had no say in British politics and therefore had taxation without representation – no choice in what taxes they would be pay. • The American colonists revolted against the British forming their own United States of America.

14. Read p. 122 – Decline of Mercantilism • 1776 - Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations. • This book challenged government economic control and advocated free trade, competition, and choice as routes to economic prosperity. • Smith’s book set forth the groundwork for an economic system that would later become known as capitalism. • A New Imperialism was born focusing mainly on acquiring wealth – increasing the need for factories

17. A New Kind of Revolution • In the 1700s conditions in Great Britain led to the rapid growth of the textile industry – cloth - which in turn led to huge changes in many other industries. • Textile industry was a trigger industry – because of it new businesses were created

18. Factors for Success • Exploration and colonialism • Seapower • Political stability • Government support • Growth of private investment A Revolution in Great Britain During the late 1700s changes in technology began based on the use of power-driven machinery. This era is called the Industrial Revolution.

19. Britain’s Big Advantage The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. • Had essential elements for economic success • Factors of production or the means of production • Land – natural resources • Labour – human labour • Capital – money, equipment, investments

20. Read p. 124 - Effects of European colonial settlement • Once European countries established colonies, they encouraged settlers to emigrate from their home country to the newly acquired lands. • This emigration served a number of purposes: • Settlers provided a pool of people to run the colony • supervise the gathering of resources • protect the home country’s trading interests

21. Read p. 124 - Effects of European colonial settlement • European peasants were driven off land their family had worked for generations. • Encouraging these peasants to emigrate reduced the potential for conflict at home and helped establish European customs and culture in the colony.

22. Read p. 124 - Effects of European colonial settlement • As new settlers moved in, they usually displaced the Indigenous peoples who had lived on the land. • This sometimes created conflict as one Indigenous group was forced to migrate to land that had traditionally been regarded as another group’s territory.