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Advances in Biotechnology: Gene Cloning, Production, and Ethical Considerations

This chapter delves into the principles of biotechnology and recombinant DNA technology, focusing on gene cloning and the production of gene products. It discusses the use of E. coli as a model organism due to its rapid growth and known genome. The applications of gene therapy, subunit vaccines, and the implications of the Human Genome Project are explored. Additionally, it addresses safety concerns and ethical considerations in genetic engineering, including the risks of genetically modified organisms and the access to personal genetic information.

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Advances in Biotechnology: Gene Cloning, Production, and Ethical Considerations

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  1. Chapter 9, part B Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

  2. Genetic Engineering: cloning a gene Figure 9.11.1

  3. Genetic Engineering Figure 9.11.2

  4. Making a Gene Product Figure 9.12.1

  5. Making a Gene Product Figure 9.12.2

  6. E. coli • Used because it is easily grown and its genomics are known • Need to eliminate endotoxin from products • Cells must be lysed to get product

  7. Making a Gene Product Figure 9.13

  8. Therapeutic Applications • Subunit vaccines • Recombivac Hepatitis B • Nonpathogenic viruses carrying genes for pathogen's antigens as vaccines • Gene therapy to replace defective or missing genes • Human Genome Project • Nucleotides have been sequenced • Human Proteome Project may provide diagnostics and treatments

  9. Random Shotgun Sequencing: Skip this Figure 9.14

  10. Scientific Applications • Understanding of DNA • Sequencing organisms' genomes • DNA fingerprinting for identification Figure 9.16

  11. Southern Blotting To look for a gene or sequence Figure 9.15.1

  12. Southern Blotting Figure 9.15.2

  13. Southern Blotting Figure 9.15.3

  14. Agricultural Applications Table 9.2

  15. Genetic Engineering Using Agrobacterium Figure 9.18

  16. Safety Issues and Ethics • Avoid accidental release • Frankenfish and frankenfood (corn) • Genetically modified crops must be safe for consumption and for the environment • Bt with new protein • Who will have access to an individual's genetic information? • Patents - sell to poor countries for profit

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