The World Cup: A Fair Game?

1. The World Cup: A Fair Game? World Cup 2014 – Maths Themed Activities

2. Activity 1: What are the chances? An equal opportunity?

3. PROBABILITY True or false? Brazil is very unlikely to win the World Cup. England has a 1/32 chance of winning the World Cup. A team from Africa has the same chance of winning the World Cup as a team from Europe. Does every team have the same chance of winning?

4. There are 32 countries taking part in the World Cup. • Each team has the same number of players. • Each team will play by the same rules. • What else is the same about the World Cup teams?

5. PROBABILITY – FRACTIONS The total teams in the World Cup: 32/32

6. PROBABILITY FRACTIONS What is the probability of: Any team winning the World Cup? A team from Group A winning the World Cup? A team from Group D winning the World Cup? A country with the colour red used in its flag winning the World Cup?

7. PROBABILITY – STATEMENTS FIFA rankings of teams

8. PROBABILITY – STATEMENTS Less likely More likely Certain Unlikely Even chance Impossible Likely Highly unlikely Highly likely The .............. team is ............................................... to win the World Cup because ............................... The .............. team is ............................................... to win the World Cup than the ............ team because ............................... A team from group ........ is ............................................... to win the World Cup than a team from group ..... because .................. A team from Europe is ............................................... to win the World Cup than a team from Africa because ..............................

9. Why isn’t it equal? • Why do some teams have a greater chance of winning? • Why do teams from some continents have a greater chance of winning? • Are there any football reasons? • Are there any non-football reasons?

10. Reasons for teams being more/less likely to win the World Cup… How much is this related to things outside of football itself? Is this fair?

11. Activity 2: World Cup Country Incomes Global Inequality

12. COUNTRY INCOMES The World Bank classifies each country as either: a high income country an upper-middle income country a lower-middle income country a low income country Which do you think each of these countries is? Brazil USA England Ivory Coast

13. $7748 $1244 $22442 $46731 $9386 $38920 $33816 $14703 $11340 $1167 $13879 $9749 $67442 $15452 $45960 $28274 $5425 $39746 $2323 $78928 $11573 $4556 $7228 $2722 $42597 $1605 $20175 $51749 $5348 $43399 $22590 $14037

14. INEQUALITY Was there a big difference between the country incomes? This is called income inequality. Inequality means the difference in resources or opportunities for one group of people versus another.

15. WORLD CUP COUNTRY INCOMES 1. Make a map of the country incomes for World Cup countries. Where are most of the wealthier countries? 2. Make a tally of the country incomes. How wealthy are the World Cup countries? 3. Compare the incomes of the higher and lower income countries. How large is income inequality in the World Cup?

16. WORLD CUP COUNTRY INCOMES What do you notice? What fraction or percentage of the World Cup teams are from different income brackets? Did you draw a graph to show this visually? Are there any low income countries at all? Why not?

17. COMPARING WEALTH To help understand this, lets look at the income inequality between the higher and lower income countries in the World Cup. Use the worksheet to help you make ratios. What ratio did you find?

18. COMPARING WEALTH Can you compare the ratios of the top 3 and bottom 3 World Cup countries average incomes? Highest 3 incomes: av. $66,000 Lowest 3 incomes: av. $1,300 Ratio = 66 : 1.3 = 66 / 1.3 = 51 = 51:1 This means the richest 3 countries have 51x more money per person than the poorest 3 in the World Cup. Is this fair?

19. LOW INCOME COUNTIRES So why are there no low income countries in the World Cup at all? What can richer countries do with this extra money that gives them an advantage over them?

20. WHY? • Think about things which extra income can do to help affect: • football teams directly (such as training resources, kit) • and also indirectly (such as better healthcare and education for children).

21. Example – African football There are 54 countries in Africa. In most of them people love football. For example, the African Cup of Nations is extremely popular. Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/governmentza/8463624475//

22. Which African teams? But although the majority of countries in Africa play football, only the more wealthy African countries are playing in the World Cup.

23. Which African teams? People in Malawi and Tanzania love football. So why do they struggle to participate in the World Cup? Is it partly due to being a low income country? Is this fair? Fans in the Kamuzu stadium in Malawi Source: ttp://http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kamuzu_Stadium_w%C3%A4hrend_des_Spiels_Malawi_-_%C3%84gypten,_2008.jpg

24. STATEMENTS AND GENERALISATIONS The more money a country has… Wealthy countries are… Most… European countries… Inequality in the world cup is..

25. IS THIS FAIR? If a high income country has more money to invest in football, what else would it have more money to invest in? If a low income country has less money to invest in football, what else would it have less money to invest in? Would you prefer to grow up in a high / middle / low income country? Why? Choose a team to support through the tournament. Will you choose a high / middle / low income country? Why? Is football fair?

26. Why are some teams more likely to win the World Cup? STATEMENTS – WORLD CUP DISPLAY

27. KS2 WORLD CUP DATA • What fraction of the World Cup countries have a high income? • What fraction of the World Cup countries have an upper-middle income? • What fraction of the World Cup countries have a lower-middle income? • What fraction of the World Cup countries have a low income? • What fraction of countries have a high-income and are in the Fifa top 16? • What fraction of countries have a lower-middle income and are in the Fifa top 16? • What fraction of upper-middle income countries are in the Fifa top 16? • What fraction of low income countries are in the Fifa top 16?

28. KS3 WORLD CUP DATA • What fraction of the World Cup countries have a high income? • What fraction of the World Cup countries have a low income? • What fraction of countries have a high-income and are in the Fifa top 16? • What fraction of countries have a lower-middle income and are in the Fifa top 16? • What percentage of World Cup countries are in Europe? • What percentage of World Cup countries are in Africa? • What percentage of World Cup countries are in Asia? • What percentage of World Cup countries are in North and Central America? • What percentage of World Cup countries are in South America? • *Fifa classifies Australia and Iran as Asian and Russia as European!

29. Activity 3: Equality Scores

30. TOP TRUMPS

31. INEQUALITY WITHIN COUNTRIES

32. INEQUALITY WITHIN COUNTRIES Each of the World Cup countries has been given a score to show how equal or unequal they are. 0 A score of 0 means that the country is completely equal – that everyone in that country has the same amount of money. That would look something like this: In reality, no country looks like this.

33. INEQUALITY WITHIN COUNTRIES A score of 1.0 means the country is completely unequal. This would look something like this: 1 In reality, thankfully, no country looks like this either.

34. FAIRNESS SCORE EXAMPLES Plot the 4 countries below Which is fairest? Are there any surprises? Where do you think England would score? 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 Completely Unequal Completely Equal USA 0.37 Brazil 0.46 Cameroon 0.36 Japan 0.29

35. World Cup Groups Fairness Winners Task: Look at the equality scores for the World Cup countries. You will look at the countries in 1 group. Order the scores from lowest to highest for your group. • Which countries are the most equal in your group? • Which countries are the least equal in your group? • What is the average in your group? • How does your average compare to other groups averages? (Remember: a score of 0 means the country is perfectly Equal).

36. Equality Winners Snowballing Task: Work with the other people in your class. • Find out which country is the most and least equal in each group. • Record your findings in your table. • What do you think you will find? • Which of the World Cup countries do you think are the most equal?

37. CHALLENGE Choose a set of data to show fairness scores on a bar chart. This could be: • a continent, such as Europe • the Fifa Group you started the activity with • the lowest fairness scores • the highest fairness scores. Challenge: Could you represent the mean fairness scores for each continent?

38. KS2 Extension Equality Winners Equality Score Country

39. KS3 Extension Equality Winners

40. Further Activity DOES A COUNTRY GET FAIRER AS IT GETS RICHER? Extension Is there a relationship between wealth of a nation and equality within a nation? Would you expect a country to get fairer as it gets richer?

41. THINK IT OVER Did you find what you expected? Which are you most surprised about, inequality between counties or inequality within countries? Do you think that it is right that some people have much more money than others? Why? What might a more equal country be like? What might a more equal country be like?