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Classification of African Languages

Classification of African Languages. Afro-Asiatic Niger-Congo Bantu Swahili Nilo-Saharan Khoisan (Click) Semitic (Arabic). Other Languages. Afrikaans Malagasy European Languages English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, German. SIX CIVILIZATIONS. Limits set by productivity

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Classification of African Languages

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  1. Classification of African Languages • Afro-Asiatic • Niger-Congo • Bantu • Swahili • Nilo-Saharan • Khoisan (Click) • Semitic (Arabic)

  2. Other Languages • Afrikaans • Malagasy • European Languages • English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, German

  3. SIX CIVILIZATIONS • Limits set by productivity • Shared ideology • Essential experience

  4. BOW • S. Africa • Namibia • Botswana • Congo (Zaire) • Tanzania • Kenya

  5. Small scale bands • No chiefs • Social sanctions/harmony

  6. Hunting, gathering, fishing(Foraging)

  7. Rock art, from the past • Marginal areas • No iron • Few material possessions

  8. SPEAR • Ethiopia • Somalia • Kenya • Tanzania • Uganda • Sudan • Mozambique • Swaziland • Lesotho • S. Africa

  9. Pastoral--nomads Livestock as wealth

  10. Warrior mentality • Military organization • Age grades

  11. Little material art

  12. Body as Template

  13. Red ochre • Scarification • Songs and poetry

  14. Aristocrats • Royalty • Sometimes divine king

  15. House decoration

  16. CLEARINGS • Cameroon • Congo • Congo (Dem Rep of) • Ghana • Ivory Coast • Gabon • part CAR • Liberia • Sierra Leone

  17. Forest Agriculture • Difficult farming --modest yields • Shifting cultivation • No livestock

  18. Axe, hoe, iron • Root crops--yams, cassava • Banana • Palms

  19. Lineages & family units • Patrilineal

  20. Good sculptors

  21. Heavy wood carvings

  22. Benin Bronzes

  23. Indigo--stamping method

  24. Weaving: both women and men, but different looms

  25. GRANARIES • Congo (DRC) • Angola • Zambia • Malawi • Zimbabwe • Mozambique

  26. Granaries

  27. Agriculture • Savanna • Shifting cultivation, fallow • Poor soils/ hoe/iron • Fertilization methods

  28. Surplus for Market

  29. Livestock • More productive than clearings

  30. Kinship types: both Matrilineal and Patrilineal

  31. Elaborate Decoration

  32. Raffia cloth

  33. Elaborate decoration

  34. Masks are light weight and elaborately decorated

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