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Chapter 10: Classifying Organisms

Chapter 10: Classifying Organisms. Taxonomy. Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms Provides universal names for organisms Provides a reference for identifying organisms Systematics or Phylogeny The study of the evolutionary history of organisms. Taxonomy.

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Chapter 10: Classifying Organisms

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  1. Chapter 10: Classifying Organisms

  2. Taxonomy • Taxonomy • The science of classifying organisms • Provides universal names for organisms • Provides a reference for identifying organisms • Systematics or Phylogeny • The study of the evolutionary history of organisms

  3. Taxonomy • 1735 Plant and Animal Kingdoms • 1857 Bacteria & fungi put in the Plant Kingdom • 1866 Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria, protozoa, algae, & fungi • 1937 "Prokaryote" introduced for cells "without a nucleus" • 1961 Prokaryote defined as cells in which nucleoplasm is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane • 1959 Kingdom Fungi • 1968 Kingdom Prokaryotae proposed • 1978 Two types of prokaryotic cells found

  4. The Three-Domain System Table 10.1

  5. The Three-Domain System Figure 10.1

  6. Table 10.2

  7. Endosymbiotic Theory Figure 10.2 Figure 10.3

  8. Scientific Names

  9. Taxonomic Hierarchy Figure 10.5

  10. Species Definition • Eukaryotic species: • A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves • Prokaryotic species: • A population of cells with similar characteristics • Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell • Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone • Viral species: • Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

  11. Domain Eukarya • Animalia: Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic • Plantae: Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic • Fungi: Unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments • Protista: A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms

  12. Prokaryotes Figure 10.6

  13. References

  14. Identification Methods • Morphological characteristics: Useful for identifying eukaryotes • Differential staining: Gram staining, acid-fast staining • Biochemical tests: Determines presence of bacterial enzymes Figure 10.8

  15. Figure 10.7

  16. Numerical Identification Figure 10.9

  17. Serology • Combine known antiserum + unknown bacterium • Slide agglutination • ELISA • Western blot Figure 10.10

  18. Western Blot Figure 10.12

  19. Phage Typing Figure 10.13

  20. Flow Cytometry Uses • Differences in electrical conductivity between species • Fluorescence of some species • Cells selectively stained with antibody + fluorescent dye Figure 18.11

  21. Genetics • DNA base composition • Guanine + cytosine moles% (GC) • DNA fingerprinting • Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests • rRNA sequencing • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Figure 10.14

  22. Nucleic Acid Hybridization Figure 10.15

  23. Nucleic Acid Hybridization: DNA probe Figure 10.16

  24. Nucleic Acid Hybridization: DNA chip Figure 10.17

  25. Figure 10.5

  26. Dichotomous Key

  27. Cladogram Figure 10.18.1

  28. Cladogram Figure 10.18.2

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