1 / 15

Chapter 19: Organic chemistry

Chapter 19: Organic chemistry. Chemistry 1020: Interpretive chemistry Andy Aspaas, Instructor. Organic compounds. Organic compounds: carbon containing compounds Specifically, with carbon-carbon covalent bonds Carbonates, CO 2 , CO are not organic VSEPR theory: carbon has 4 electron pairs

jerrykruse
Télécharger la présentation

Chapter 19: Organic chemistry

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 19: Organic chemistry Chemistry 1020: Interpretive chemistry Andy Aspaas, Instructor

  2. Organic compounds • Organic compounds: carbon containing compounds • Specifically, with carbon-carbon covalent bonds • Carbonates, CO2, CO are not organic • VSEPR theory: carbon has 4 electron pairs • A tetrahedral electron pair arrangement • 4 covalent bonds, no lone pairs • Tetrahedral molecular shape as well

  3. Hydrocarbons and alkanes • Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen • Alkanes are hydrocarbons with only single bonds (no double or triple bonds) • Saturated: only single bonds • Simplest alkane: methane, CH4 • Ethane, molecular formula C2H6 • Structural formula (indicates connectivity) is CH3CH3

  4. Straight-chain alkanes (1 C through 4 C) • Straight-chain (or “normal”) alkanes have carbons all attached in a row • n- at beginning indicates straight-chain (normal)

  5. Straight-chain alkanes (5 C through 10 C) • For straight-chain alkanes 5 C through 10 C, use Greek prefix followed by -ane

  6. Isomerism in alkanes • n-Butane has an isomer (same number and kind atoms, different bonds) • Same molecular formula, different structural formula • Isobutane: branched, all carbons not in a row • CH3(CH3)CHCH3

  7. Isomerism in alkanes • Iso- prefix means branched once • Neo- prefix means branched twice • n-Pentane, isopentane, neopentane • More complex branched alkanes require different naming rules • Any of the straight-chain alkanes can be made into “substitutents” - or branches off a main chain • Methane becomes methyl as a branch (—CH3) • Ethane becomes ethyl as a branch (—CH2CH3), etc

  8. Naming complex branched alkanes • Start by identifying the longest carbon chain • Identify branches off the longest chain as their substituent name (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc) • Number longest chain starting at end closest to the first branch • Name the compound, starting with branches and indicating the number on the main chain to which the branch is attached

  9. Naming branched alkanes • First identify longest chain (9 carbons) • Number chain starting at end closest to a branch • Identify branches by first numbering them (from main chain number) • 2-methyl, 4-ethyl, 6-methyl • Combine identical branches by saying 2,6-dimethyl • Then give chain name • 4-ethyl, 2,6-dimethyl nonane

  10. Alkenes and alkynes • Alkenes: hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon double bonds • Alkynes: hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon triple bonds • Name by first finding longest carbon chain • Chain name is same as alkane, but end is -ene for double bond, -yne for triple bond • Start numbering on end closest to double/triple bond • Location of multiple bond is given by the smaller numbered carbon involved in the bond

  11. Functional groups • Most organic molecules are simply hydrocarbons with different groups of atoms attached • Functional groups: common groups of atoms found in organic molecules

  12. Common functional groups • Alkyl halide: –X (where X is F, Cl, Br, or I) • Alcohol: –OH • Ether: –O– • Aldehyde: • Ketone: • Carboxylic acid: • Ester: • Amine: –NH2

  13. Alcohols • Alcohols: R–OH • Methanol: CH3OH • Starting material in synthesis of chemical products • Racecar fuel • Highly toxic, causes blindness • Ethanol: CH3CH2OH • Formed by fermentation of glucose • Important gasoline additive

  14. Carboxylic acids • Carboxylic acid: R–COOH • Name by dropping –e from parent hydrocarbon name, and adding –oic acid • CH3COOH: ethanoic acid (acetic acid is common name) • CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH: pentanoic acid

  15. Esters • Esters: RCOOR’ • Formed by reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohol • RCOOH + R’OH  RCOOR’ + H2O • Name by first using alcohol fragment as a fragment name • Then add root of carboxylic acid followed by –ate • Ex. Acetic acid + ethyl alcohol  ethyl acetate

More Related