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OPERATING IN THE EAGLE FORD SHALE

OPERATING IN THE EAGLE FORD SHALE. Henry Wood South Texas Electric Cooperative. OBJECTIVES. Identify the types of reactive resources to regulate transmission voltage and reactive flow as necessary Identify entities a transmission operator is required to contact under TOP-001-R5

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OPERATING IN THE EAGLE FORD SHALE

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  1. OPERATING IN THE EAGLE FORD SHALE Henry Wood South Texas Electric Cooperative

  2. OBJECTIVES • Identify the types of reactive resources to regulate transmission voltage and reactive flow as necessary • Identify entities a transmission operator is required to contact under TOP-001-R5 • Identify the purpose of ERCOT’s evaluation of requests for approval of Transmission Facility outages • Identify importance of coordinating Remedial Action Plans • Identify a purpose of NERC COM-002-2 Operating in Eagle Ford

  3. What is the Eagle Ford? • Shale oil extraction and hydraulic fracking • First oil from shale - 10th Century in Europe • Increased interest with shale extraction in 2003 with an Energy Policy Act that followed in 2005 • 2010 is considered the beginning of the first large scale underground extraction of oil from shale Operating in Eagle Ford

  4. What is the Eagle Ford? • The first commercial wells drilled using hydraulic fracturing were completed in 1949 • Pressures and flow rates for fracking vary but may reach as high as 15,000 PSI and 100 barrels per minute Operating in Eagle Ford

  5. What is the Eagle Ford? • It is estimated 40% of location production occurs in the first 5 years • Production may last as long as 30 years • As production slows processes change and may include a dry gas injection Operating in Eagle Ford

  6. Background • Eagle Ford Shale exploration and production is rapidly increasing in South Texas • Oil reserves estimated at 3 billion barrels and trillions of cubic feet of natural gas • May be sixth largest oil field discovery in U.S. • In the three county area of Dimmit, La Salle and McMullen Counties the load in 2012 was 28 MW • It is projected to reach 247 MW by 2016 Operating in Eagle Ford

  7. How will we serve the load? • First projects were submitted for RPG Review in April 2012 • In a large area of the of load additions transmission either does not exist or is mainly made up of 4/0 conductor 69 kV lines (40 MVA) • New transmission lines needed along with significant upgrades to existing system Operating in Eagle Ford

  8. Projects to serve a three county area of the Eagle Ford • Addition of the Tilden – Fowlerton – Reveille 138 kV double circuit line (approx. 47 miles on new R.O.W.) each circuit is a minimum of 240 MVA • Addition of a 138 kV substation near the STEC 69 kV Cotulla substation and loop the AEP Dilley – Cotulla 138 kV line into it • Addition of a (138/69 kV) auto-transformer (with reverse power relays) in Cotulla a minimum of 150 MVA • Addition of a 138/69 kV BEVO substation near the LCRA Asherton – Conoco Chittam Tap 138 kV line crosses the STEC Carrizo Springs – Brundage 69 kV line. Loop these lines into BEVO and add a (138/69 kV) 150 MVA auto-transformer • Addition of a 9.6 MVAR capacitor bank at George West 69 kV substation • Addition of 19.2 MVAR capacitor banks at Tilden, Fowlerton and Jardin 138 kV substations • Addition of a 9.6 MVAR capacitor bank at Freer 69 kV substation • Addition of a 9.6 MVAR capacitor bank at BEVO 69/138 kV substation • Addition of a 9.6 MVAR capacitor bank at Brundage 69 kV substation • Addition of a 345/138 auto at Fowlerton Operating in Eagle Ford

  9. Projects under construction in a three county area of the Eagle Ford Operating in Eagle Ford

  10. Impact to operations • Load growth is immediate • 2010 – 2014 load growth in the area = 210 MW • A 91% increase • ….and they are still coming! Operating in Eagle Ford

  11. Challenges of operating in the Eagle Ford • Voltage and Reactive • Thermal Limits • Outage Coordination • Remedial Action Plans • Communications! Operating in Eagle Ford

  12. 1. Voltage and Reactive Control • The Eagle Ford has added operating challenges with voltage and reactive control • Multiple TDSPs operate from line section to line section • Remember pre-existing transmission built to serve less than 50 MW • Even the addition of new reactive devices affects operating limits in the area • Additional concerns for tripping large motor loads with voltage fluctuations Operating in Eagle Ford

  13. VAR-001-4 — Voltage and Reactive Control • R2. Each Transmission Operator shall schedule sufficient reactive resources to regulate voltage levels under normal and Contingency conditions. Transmission Operators can provide sufficient reactive resources through various means including, but not limited to, reactive generation scheduling, transmission line and reactive resource switching • R3. Each Transmission Operator shall operate or direct the Real-time operation of devices to regulate transmission voltage and reactive flow as necessary. Operating in Eagle Ford

  14. 2. Thermal Limits • TDSPs and ERCOT are managing thermal limits without the assistance of Generation • Elements would exceed thermal limits on just the loads ready to connect now • The addition of reactive devices adds to the thermal limit concerns Operating in Eagle Ford

  15. TOP-001-0 • R5. Each Transmission Operator shall inform its Reliability Coordinator and any other potentially affected Transmission Operators of real time or anticipated emergency conditions, and take actions to avoid, when possible, or mitigate the emergency. Operating in Eagle Ford

  16. 3. Outage Coordination • Outage scheduling in the Eagle Ford challenging • Coordination attempts to address voltage and thermal contingencies with an aggressive build out time line • New projects needed before upgrades can begin • Coordination complicated with multiple projects and multiple TDSPs Operating in Eagle Ford

  17. Outage Coordination • 8.3.10 Evaluation of Transmission Facility Planned Outage or Maintenance Outage Requests • ERCOT shall evaluate requests for approval of Transmission Facility Planned Outages and Maintenance Outages to determine if any one or a combination of proposed Outages may cause ERCOT to violate applicable reliability standards. Operating in Eagle Ford

  18. 4. Remedial Action Plans • Remedial Action Plans are a tool to avoid operating in an emergency condition • Remedial Action Plans are designed to be implemented quickly • Remedial Action plans necessary until upgrades completed • Additional remedial action plans in place to facilitate outages Operating in Eagle Ford

  19. EOP-003-2 • R1. After taking all other remedial steps, a Transmission Operator or Balancing Authority operating with insufficient generation or transmission capacity shall shed customer load rather than risk an uncontrolled failure of components or cascading outages of the Interconnection. • R3. Each Transmission Operator and Balancing Authority shall coordinate load shedding plans, excluding automatic under-frequency load shedding plans, among other interconnected Transmission Operators and Balancing Authorities. Operating in Eagle Ford

  20. 5. Communications COM-002-2 — Communications and Coordination Purpose: To ensure Balancing Authorities, Transmission Operators, and Generator Operators have adequate communications and that these communications capabilities are staffed and available for addressing a real-time emergency condition. To ensure communications by operating personnel are effective. Operating in Eagle Ford

  21. Operating in the Eagle Ford Shale Questions? Operating in Eagle Ford

  22. Question 1 • Which of the following is not a reactive resource to regulate transmission voltage and reactive flow as necessary? • Reactive resource switching • Transmission line switching • Reactive generation scheduling • Reverse power relaying

  23. Question 2 • Which of the following entities is a transmission operator required to contact under TOP-001-R5? • QSE • Any other potentially affected Transmission Operators • Balancing Authority • TRE

  24. Question 3 • What is the purpose of ERCOT’s evaluation of requests for approval of Transmission Facility Planned Outages and Maintenance Outages? • To determine if any one or a combination of proposed Outages may cause ERCOT to violate applicable reliability standards. • To determine congestion pricing • To monitor transmission owner maintenance practices • To predict future transmission cost

  25. Question 4 • A remedial action plan should be coordinated with which two types of entities? • QSEs and Balancing Authorities • Reliability Coordinators and Balancing Authorities • Transmission Operators and Balancing Authorities • Transmission Operators and QSEs

  26. Question 5 • A purpose of NERC COM-002-2 is to: • Specify technical equipment necessary for communications • To ensure communications by operating personnel are effective • To require training seminars • To comply with CIP

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