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Understanding Logical Fallacies: Analysis and Application in Critical Thinking

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jessamine-frederick
10 diapositives · 226 Views · Oct 29, 2014

This guide explores common logical fallacies, including weak analogies and inconsistency, through various activities aimed at improving critical thinking skills. Students will analyze examples from articles on controversial topics like the Darfur conflict and the North Korea-U.S. tensions. Engaging in group activities, participants will construct fallacious arguments based on real-world scenarios in business, education, and more. The focus is on identifying fallacies, understanding their implications, and applying this knowledge to enhance reasoning abilities.

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  1. Wednesday • New Seats • Finish Fallacy notes • Fallacy activity • A discussion about honors • Baseball article #2: analyze for fallacies & with PALBEG • Homework: read articles on Darfur conflict, then analyze (PALBEG as guide)/compare/contrast

  2. 4.2.8 Weak Analogy Weak Analogy Comparing things that aren’t really comparable. Example: Nobody would buy a car without first taking it for a test drive. Why then shouldn’t two mature college students live together before they decide whether to get married? • 1. List all important similarities between the two cases. • 2. List all important dissimilarities between the two cases. • 3. Decide whether the similarities or dissimilarities are • more important. Tip

  3. 4.2.9 Inconsistency Inconsistency Asserting inconsistent or contradictory claims. Example: Note found in a Forest Service Suggestion box: Park visitors need to know how important it is to keep this wilderness area completely pristine and undisturbed. So why not put up a few signs to remind people of this fact? • It is also a mistake to cling stubbornly to an old idea when new • information suggests that the idea is false. • Open-minded to new ideas = Learning Remember

  4. 4.2 Mini Quiz – Question 1 What's to say against [cigars]? They killed George Burns at 100. If he hadn't smoked them, he'd have died at 75. (Bert Sugar, quoted in New York Times, September 20, 2002) • Which fallacy? • Questionable Cause • Hasty Generalization • Slippery Slope • Weak Analogy

  5. 4.2 Mini Quiz – Question 2 According to North Korea's official state-run news agency, "a war between North Korea and the United States will end with the delightful victory of North Korea, a newly emerging military power, in 100 hours. . . . The U. S. [will] be enveloped in flames. . . and the arrogant empire of the devil will breathe its last". Given that this prediction comes from the official North Korean news agency, it is probably true. (Passage quoted in Nicholas D. Kristof, "Empire of the Devil," New York Times, April 4, 2003) • Which fallacy? • Inappropriate Appeal to Authority • Appeal to Ignorance • False Alternatives • Loaded Question

  6. 4.2 Mini Quiz – Question 3 Jurors in tobacco lawsuits should award judgments so large that they put tobacco companies out of business. Respecting the right of tobacco companies to stay in business is akin to saying there are "two sides" to slavery... (Anti-tobacco lawyer, quoted in George F. Will, "Court Ruling Expresses Anti-Smoking Hypocrisy," Wilkes-Barre Times Leader, May 25, 2003) • Which fallacy? • Loaded Question • Hasty Generalization • Slippery Slope • Weak Analogy

  7. Group Activity • Break into groups of 4 - 6, and construct five (5) fallacious arguments. • Each group can choose any of the 20 fallacies discussed, but must construct at least two fallacious arguments of each category: Fallacies of Relevance & Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence). • The constructed fallacious arguments must discuss the topics specified in the template provided (Business, Education, Information Technology, Environment, and Tourism).

  8. Summary – 20 Common Fallacies

  9. References Book • Chapter 5 (Logical Fallacies -1) & 6 (Logical Fallacies -2): G Bassham, W Irwin, H Nardone, J M Wallace, Critical Thinking: A Student's Introduction, McGraw-Hill International Edition, 2007 Online Resources • Fallacies (The Nizkor Project): http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/ • Cool Optical Illusions: http://www.coolopticalillusions.com/

  10. Contact Details Zaid Ali Alsagoff UNIVERSITI TUN ABDUL RAZAK 16-5, Jalan SS 6/12 47301 Kelana Jaya Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia E-mail:zaid.alsagoff@gmail.comTel: 603-7627 7238 Fax: 603-7627 7246