Exploring Animal Kingdom: Structure, Symmetry, and Developmental Characteristics

1. Biology II Dissection The Promised Land

2. Kingdom Anamalia • Animal Kingdom contains organisms that are: • multicellular • diploid • heterotrophic • ingestive nutrition • eukaryotic • oogamous sexual reproduction • blastula embryonic development

3. Kingdom Anamalia • The Animal Kingdom contains the most species (more than 1 million known and an estimated 1 million undiscovered) • Animals are divided into 10 phyla divided into subphyla, classes and orders • 5 Lower Invertebrates(sponges, jellyfish some worms) • 4 Higher Invertebrates(snails,insects,starfish) • 1 Chordata (fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals & me & you)

5. Kingdom Anamalia • Multicellular Animals = Metazoa • The metazoan cell is a specialized part of the whole organism and is incapable of independent existence • Protozoan cells can live independently

6. Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement • 1) Number of cells/level of organization, cells > tissues > organs > systems • 2) Number of Embryonic “Germ Layers” • diploblastic - 2 layers of tissue - ectoderm & endoderm, separated by a mesoglea layer “middle glue” • triploblastic - ectoderm - skin & nervous tissue - mesoderm - support & movement - endoderm - digestive organs, spleen, pancreas

7. Kingdom Anamalia • Embryonic layers develop into body layers • Most animals become a “tube within a tube” • Inner tube, endoderm, is lining of the digestive tract • Outer tube, ectoderm, is protective and sense organs • In between tubes, mesoderm, are reproductive, muscular, circulatory and excretion systems.

9. Kingdom Anamalia • Animals with three body layers can be divided into three categories • acoelomates have no space between their layers • coelomates contain a fluid-filled space in the mesoderm (coelom). This allows their body organs to move independently. • Pseudocoelomates - fluid-filled pseudocoel between layers

11. Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement • 3) Determination of basic structural relationships • Homologies - homologous structures - a structure with similar structure and derived from the same embryonic tissue • (wing of a bat, wing of a bird, fin of a fish, arm of a human) • Analogies - Analogous structures - structure with similar function but different embryonic tissues • (leg of a centipede/ dog -or- wings of bee / bird)

12. Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement • 4) Body symmetry in the young and in the adult • Asymmetry - no equal sides • Radial symmetry - central point, several places to divide in half equally - ex. Starfish • Bilateral symmetry - 1 plane of symmetry ex. Human

14. Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement • Related terms: • anterior, posterior, transverse plane • ventral, dorsal, coronal plane, • sagittal plane, bi-symmetrical • proximal & distal

16. Kingdom Anamalia - more symmetry terms • Oral - toward the mouth • Aboral - away from the mouth • Caudal - toward the tail • Lateral - on the side • Medial - toward the midline

24. Dissection Photos

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44. 75 Fetal Pig