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CAMPBELL’S AND STANLEY’S SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF ‘TRUE’ EXPERIMENTS

CAMPBELL’S AND STANLEY’S SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF ‘TRUE’ EXPERIMENTS. RO 1 X O 2 RO 3 O 4 Campbell, D. T. and Stanley, J (1963) Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Research on Teaching. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. CAMPBELL’S AND STANLEY’S NOTATION.

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CAMPBELL’S AND STANLEY’S SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF ‘TRUE’ EXPERIMENTS

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  1. CAMPBELL’S AND STANLEY’S SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF ‘TRUE’ EXPERIMENTS RO1 X O2 RO3 O4 Campbell, D. T. and Stanley, J (1963) Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Research on Teaching. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

  2. CAMPBELL’S AND STANLEY’S NOTATION X represents the exposure of a group to an experimental variable or event, the effects of which are to be measured. O refers to the process of observation or measurement. Xs and Os in a given row are applied to the same persons. Left to right order indicates temporal sequence. Xs and Os vertical to one another are simultaneous. R indicates random assignment to separate treatment groups. Parallel rows unseparated by dashes represent comparison groups equated by randomization, while those separated by a dashed line represent groups not equated by random assignment.

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