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Important!

Important!. Midterm is next Thursday, 2/24 Bring a blue book or two Study guide “Long” IDs: Aim to write a page or so Write strategically: Get down basics, but leave room to go back and add more Tell us everything you know Significance: Think big class themes, emphasis in lecture.

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Important!

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  1. Important! • Midterm is next Thursday, 2/24 • Bring a blue book or two • Study guide • “Long” IDs: Aim to write a page or so • Write strategically: Get down basics, but leave room to go back and add more • Tell us everything you know • Significance: Think big class themes, emphasis in lecture

  2. Important! • Study guide • Essay question: • Every question requires a thesis • Must support thesis with concrete historical evidence—the more the better! • But also just asking you to demonstrate your historical knowledge—tell us everything you know! • Write strategically • Note Question 1: May not get far into New Deal • Multiple choice: • Preparation for IDs and essay is good approach • But also be sure to review major points in Inventing America

  3. Important! • The website is finally up and running! • www.montana.edu/tlecain • Just bullet points—most images have been removed • Some lectures have more bullet points than others • Regardless, bullet points do not cover everything you should know from lectures • Must have PowerPoint or equivalent reader to open these files

  4. History 156: 9: WWI and the Era of Intolerance

  5. Progressive Era: An Age of Optimism • Social optimism: Belief in the power of government and reformers to alleviate poverty, suffering, inequality • Technological optimism: Ever increasing power to control nature, fight disease, increase ease of living and supply of material wealth • Globalization and American-style economic imperialism would bring these benefits to the world • Many convinced we had entered a new golden age of wealth and peace, an age of civilization that would move beyond the petty squabbles of the past

  6. Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, and Russia Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary

  7. Bloodiest War in European (World?) History to that Point • Eventually involved over 30 nations • Would redraw the map of Europe and Near East: • Overthrow of four empires • Creation of seven new nations • Created the seeds of World War II and current conflicts in the Middle East • 30 million dead—half of them non-combatants

  8. President Woodrow Wilson (1912-1920): • Former President of Princeton University • Initially argues for neutrality in Europe’s Great War • Yet, his heart is with Great Britain and France • Believer in Anglo-Saxon supremacy and brotherhood with England

  9. A Democracy at War • Anger at the U-Boat attacks, but arguably still an avoidable war if the US had been willing to remain truly neutral • Throughout, public opinion remains mixed, and resistance grew among some as the death toll rose • Shortly after declaration of war in April 1917, Wilson creates Committee on Public Information • Designed to mobilize public opinion in favor of the war • Considerable propaganda produced to inspire a hatred of the Germans • Hire sophisticated advertising experts from Madison Avenue

  10. The Montana Sedition Law (1918) “ . . . any person who shall utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, violent, scurrilous, contemptuous, slurring or abusive language about the form of government of the United States, or the constitution of the United States, or the soldiers or sailors of the United States, or the flag of the United States, or the uniform of the army or navy . . . or shall utter, print, write or publish any language calculated to incite or inflame resistance to any duly constituted Federal or State authority in connection with the prosecution of the War . . . shall be guilty of the crime of sedition.”

  11. The Costs of War • By Autumn of 1918 had sent more than a million troops, 2/3 of which engaged in actual combat • 52,000 died in combat • 60,000 from influenza, pneumonia • European casualties were vastly greater: • Russia: 9 million • Germany: 6 million • France: 5 million • Great Britain: 2 million • Italy: 2 million

  12. The End of Progressivism • Rejection of the engaged internationalism of the League symbolic of a shift to the right • WWI-era hyper-patriotism and abuse of civil rights set tone for subsequent decade • Increasing emphasis on “100 Percent Americanism” and intolerance for dissent or deviation

  13. Passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 provided nation-wide women’s suffrage • But had begun in pre-war progressive period • A symbolic final act of the Progressive Era, not a beginning

  14. Why the Shift Right? • Reactionary: Women, immigrants, labor had made some progress • Aided by the disruptions of WWI, reactionary forces subsequently gain strength • Changes coming too fast for some • Resistance to “Modernity” in general, desire for more traditional culture and politics • Events in Russia in October of 1917 provided a new enemy to fear: The Red Scare

  15. V.I. Lenin • October Revolution of 1917 (November in West) • Leader of Bolsheviks who eventually win out • Makes separate peace with Germany in WWI

  16. J. Edgar Hoover: • Atty. General Palmer appoints him to head “Palmer Raids” • Later becomes director of the new Federal Bureau of Investigation • Will serve in to the 1970s

  17. Klan’s equal opportunity hatred • In addition to blacks, targeted Jews, Catholics, and eastern/southern European immigrants • Supported eugenics: controlled human breeding • Supported further immigration restrictions: • 1921 Immigration Act restricting new immigrants to 357,000/year, quotas of 3% of 1910 census • 1924 Johnson-Reed Immigration Act cuts total to 164,000, makes quotes 2% of 1890 census • 1890 before large numbers had come from eastern/southern Europe

  18. Bruce Barton, advertising executive and author of the best-selling book, The Man Nobody Knows

  19. The Man Barton Didn’t Know? Matthew 19:23 - Then said Jesus unto his disciples, Verily I say unto you, That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 19:24 - And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. Mark 4:19 - And the cares of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches, and the lusts of other things entering in, choke the word, and it becometh unfruitful. Mark 10:24 - And the disciples were astonished at his words. But Jesus answereth again, and saith unto them, Children, how hard is it for them that trust in riches to enter into the kingdom of God!

  20. A Gospel for the Coming Age? • Luke 6:20 - And he lifted up his eyes on his disciples, and said, Blessed be ye poor: for yours is the kingdom of God.

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