JoAnn Milliken Acting Program Manager and Chief Engineer

1. Hydrogen Program Update JoAnn Milliken Acting Program Manager and Chief Engineer State Energy Advisory Board (STEAB) Membership Conference July 25, 2006 Arlington, VA

2. Hydrogen Fuel Cell R&D – An Integral Component of President's Advanced Energy Initiative Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy ($771M) • Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, Vehicle Technologies • Biomass, Solar, and Wind Fossil Energy ($444M) • Coal Research Initiative • Stationary Fuel Cells 36% 21% 25% 18% Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology ($392M) • Global Nuclear Energy Partnership • Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative • Nuclear Power 2010, and • Generation IV Science ($539M) • Nuclear Fusion, Solar, Biomass and Hydrogen DOE FY 2007 budget requests $2.1 billion ($381 million increase over FY 2006)

3. Research, Development and Demonstration Needed to Overcome Barriers Goal: Technology readiness to meet consumer requirements and enable industry to establish a business case Challenges: Critical Path Technology • Hydrogen Storage (target: >300-mile range) • Fuel Cell Cost and Durability (targets: $30 per kW, 5000 hours) • Hydrogen Cost (target: $2.00 - 3.00 per gallon gasoline equivalent*) Economic/Institutional • Codes and Standards (Safety, and Global Competitiveness) • Hydrogen Delivery (Investment for new Distribution Infrastructure) • Education (safety and code officials, local communities, state and local governments, students) *One kilogram of hydrogen contains nearly the same energy as a gallon of gasoline.

4. Program planning, organization, implementation, evaluation, and linkages Program Management Applied Research & Technology Development Validation Delivery Technical advances and validation of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies Learning Demonstrations Production Conversion Applications Storage Systems Integration and Analysis Fundamental understanding and scientific breakthroughs Basic Research R&D to ensure safety and enable development of codes & standards for technology implementation Safety, Codes and Standards Communication and training for increased understanding and awareness Education Program Implementation

5. Technology Validation & Demonstration • Test Systems under Real World Conditions • Demonstrate and validate performance against targets • Gain knowledge (e.g. fueling time, driving range, durability, cost, etc.) and apply lessons learned to R&D Fostering Synergy between Basic Science and Applied Research Example: Hydrogen Storage Basic Research • Develop and use theoretical models & fundamental experimentation to generate knowledge: • Fundamental property & transport phenomena • Novel material structures, characterization • Theory, modeling, understand reaction mechanisms Applied Research & Development • Apply theory & experimentation to design & develop novel, high-performance materials to meet specific performance targets: • Leverage knowledge from basic research, develop new materials • Optimize materials and testing to improve performance • Use engineering science to design, develop and demonstrate prototype systems to meet milestones.

6. Balanced DOE Hydrogen R&D Program Being Implemented FY 2007 Request = $288.1M (includes EE, FE, SC and NE; EE portion $195.8M) % of Budget $155.9M $50M $45.1M $37.1M Research & Development Technology Validation through “Learning Demonstrations”

7. Producing Hydrogen Goal: Hydrogen produced domestically, reducing our dependence on foreign energy sources and providing clean, carbon-free fuel. Production Pathways: Hydrogen can be produced from renewable, nuclear, and fossil energy resources using a variety of process technologies, including: • Renewable electrolysis (using wind, solar, or geothermal energy) • Biomass and renewable liquids • High temperature thermochemical • Nuclear energy • High temperature solar • Biological and photoelectrochemical technologies • Coal (with carbon sequestration) • Natural gas Quick Fact:The U.S. hydrogen industry currently produces ~9 million tons of hydrogen a year – that’s enough to power about 34 million vehicles.

8. Delivering Hydrogen Hydrogen produced centrally or semi-centrally must be delivered to the point-of-use. Delivery also includes the operations of compression, storage, and dispensing at refueling stations. Hydrogen can be delivered as a gas, cryogenic liquid, or as hydrogen stored in liquid or solid carriers. Hydrogen can be transported by pipeline, high pressure tube trailers, or cryogenic liquid trucks. Quick Fact: Today there are about 700 miles of hydrogen pipelines in the United States (compared to more than 1 million miles of natural gas pipelines). Hydrogen pipelines are located where large hydrogen refineries are concentrated.

9. Distributed Hydrogen Production Status Compared to Goal

10. Storing Hydrogen Hydrogen storage systems must allow a driving range of 300 miles without compromising vehicle weight or trunk space. Hydrogen storage takes place… • On-board a vehicle • Off-board a vehicle at production sites, refueling stations, stationary power sites, and in transit (delivery) Hydrogen can be stored in… • Tanks, as a compressed gas or liquid • Materials • Metal hydrides • Chemical hydrides • Carbon-based materials • Other new materials

11. Testing & Analysis Cross Cutting National Hydrogen Storage Project Centers of Excellence Independent Projects Metal hydrides New materials/processes for on-board storage Basic Science Chemical Hydrogen Storage Compressed/Cryogenic & Hybrid approaches Carbon-Based Materials Off-board storage systems Hydrogen Storage: The Grand Challenge Focused on Materials-based Technologies for >300 - Mile Range Hydrogen Storage: The Grand Challenge Focused on Materials-based Technologies for >300 - Mile Range Testing & Analysis Cross Cutting National Hydrogen Storage Project Centers of Excellence Independent Projects Metal hydrides New materials/processes for on-board storage Basic Science Chemical Hydrogen Storage Compressed/Cryogenic & Hybrid approaches Carbon-Based Materials Off-board storage systems ~40 Universities, 15 Companies, 10 Federal Labs ~40 Universities, 15 Companies, 10 Federal Labs High pressure tanks do not meet long term targets. Focus is on novel materials. High pressure tanks do not meet long term targets. Focus is on novel materials. * Status of tank technology, 2005 * Status of tank technology, 2005

12. Recent Technical Success(Hydrogen Storage) 1st Gen System Prototype Built and Tested • Preliminary 1-kg hydrogen system prototype developed based on sodium alanate • With composite vessel, ~50% of system is balance of plant; 2005 status: 1.9 wt.% • Prototype gravimetric & volumetric capacity reinforce need for high-capacity materials • Thermal management, and reaction kinetics strongly impact weight & volume Anton, Moser et al, UTRC

13. Recent Technical Success(Hydrogen Storage) Examples of High Capacity Materials > 5 wt% • Mg modified Li-amides: 5 wt% reversible (material) capacity, with potential to 10 wt%. Absorption demonstrated down to 180C, >200 cycles demonstrated (Luo, Wang, Gross et al, SNL) • Identified chemical hydride with 5.5 - 7 wt% materials storage capacity (Cooper, Pez et al, APCi) • Metal-carbon hybrid compounds predicted for potential storage materials ~ 6 to 8 wt% material (Heben, Dillon et al NREL)

14. Recent Technical Success(Hydrogen Storage) Examples of Promising New Concepts Demonstrated • Demonstrated “destabilization” approach and showed >9 wt.% material-based storage in modified lithium borohydrides • Next steps: Enhance kinetics by nano-engineering • (Vajo, Olsen, et al, HRL) • Developed and demonstrated novel concept- filling nanostructured scaffolds with ammonia borane • Showed >6 wt% material-based storage and hydrogen release at ~ 80 C (Autrey, et al, PNNL)

15. EERE Fuel Cell Strategy Primary focus is transportation fuel cell applications • DOE sponsoring component R&D rather than systems R&D Membranes Bipolar Plates Electrodes Seals Membrane Electrode Assemblies Balance-of-plant Components Gas Diffusion Layers Innovative Concepts Analysis, Characterization and Benchmarking

16. Distributed Power APUs Portable Power • Improve system durability • Improve stack performance w/ reformate • Improve fuel processor performance • Increase system electrical efficiency • Develop diesel fuel processor • Develop FC that operates on reformate • Design, build, & test under real-world conditions • Develop membranes to reduce methanol crossover • Design, build, & test under real-world conditions EERE Fuel Cell Strategy Secondary focus is on stationary and other early market fuel cells to establish a manufacturing base

17. Fuel Cell System (80 kW) Cost = $110/kW Fuel Cell Stack Cost = $70/kW Based on 500,000 units/year Targets & Progress: Reduced Cost and Increased Durability Fuel Cell System (80kW) Costs Status vs. Targets Fuel Cell Stack (only) Durability Status vs. Targets Hours $/kW

18. Technology Validation • Obtain detailed component data under real-world conditions to re-focus the Department’s hydrogen and fuel cell component and materials research • Validate the technology against time-phased performance-based targets, by 2009 • 2,000 hour fuel cell durability • $3.00 per gge (high capacity facility, volume manufacturing) • 250 mile range • First year of project completed • 62 vehicles now in fleet operation • 6 new refueling stations opened • No major safety problems encountered

19. Recent Successes (Safety) Established the Hydrogen Incidents Database Improving safety through reporting of “lessons learned” - reports contain safety incident summaries, at-a-glance information, and links to related information www.h2incidents.org Established the Hydrogen Safety Bibliographic Database This searchable database provides references for papers, presentations, publications and other information on hydrogen safety www.hydrogen.energy.gov

20. Hydrogen Education Activities • Emergency Responder Training • Initial set of materials provides an introduction to H2 safety • Undergoing extensive review for technical content and audience usability • Available in multiple formats, including stand-alone, web-based module • Incorporable with organizations' existing curricula • Raising "H2IQ” – Community/Media Information Program • Introducing concept of a H2 economy and technologies • Focus on locations near hydrogen demonstration projects • Content will align with 2004 baseline knowledge survey People who know the least about H2 technologies & have the greatest fears and insecurities

21. State Education Activities Seeks to support the growing number of state and regional hydrogen and fuel cell initiatives by providing technically-accurate and objective information • Host bi-monthly conference calls with state and regional initiatives on various topics of interest in partnership with the NHA and Clean Energy States Alliance • Developing an interactive database of state activities – includes initiatives, incentives, and demonstration projects in partnership with Fuel Cells 2000 • Planning to conduct another series of “Hydrogen 101” workshops in FY07 for state and local government officials; building on the pilot series held in 2004 • Planning direct outreach, as part of our Raising "H2IQ” activity, to states' energy offices, departments of transportation, and environmental protection to help raise awareness of both hydrogen fuel cell technology and the information resources available from the DOE Hydrogen Program Factoids from 2004 baseline survey: State and Local Government Officials...  achieved the highest scores (66%) on the survey’s knowledge questions  > 80% believed a “Hydrogen 101” training workshop would be helpful

22. Other Program Activities

23. Hydrogen Manufacturing R&D • Develop low-cost, high-volume fabrication methods for new materials & components • Establish and refine cost-effective manufacturing techniques while hydrogen products are still evolving • Adapt laboratory fabrication to low-cost, high-volume production • Enable development of domestic supplier networks Manufacturing R&D Roadmap Workshop July 13-14, 2005 Washington, DC Proceedings at www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/wkshp_h2_manufacturing.html Roadmap being updated based on public comments; solicitation planned for FY 2007 (subject to appropriations)

24. Programmatic Achievements • Hydrogen Quality Working Group formed to determine impact of fuel quality requirements on costs of H2 and the costs/durability of automotive fuel cells • Membership includes DOE, OEMs, Energy Companies, National Laboratories • Currently identifying R&D needs, and developing Draft Hydrogen Quality Roadmap • Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center now on-line http://hydrogen.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/hydrogen

25. Extensive Coordination • International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy • IPHE.net • Interagency Hydrogen Research and Development Task Force (OSTP lead) • www.hydrogen.gov • Federal/State/local (Example) • California Fuel Cell Partnership • California Hydrogen Highway Network

26. www.hydrogen.gov U.S. Government Hydrogen Websites DOT www.rita.dot.gov/agencies_and_ offices/research/hydrogen_portal/ DOE www.hydrogen.energy.gov