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Cancer: Reducing Your Risk

13. Cancer: Reducing Your Risk. Introduction. 553,400 Americans died of cancer 2001 1.3 million new cases diagnosed 1 in 4 deaths from cancer Early detection/improvements in technology have improved prognosis for many

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Cancer: Reducing Your Risk

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  1. 13 Cancer: Reducing Your Risk

  2. Introduction • 553,400 Americans died of cancer 2001 • 1.3 million new cases diagnosed • 1 in 4 deaths from cancer • Early detection/improvements in technology have improved prognosis for many • What do you think are the contributing factors to the incidence of cancer in the U.S. today?

  3. An Overview of Cancer • Variations in Rates • Rates have large variations among populations • 444.6 per 100,000 African Americans • 402.1 per 100,000 Whites • 272.4 per 100,000 Hispanics • 279.3 per 100,000 Asian Pacific Islanders • 152.8 per 100,000 Native Americans

  4. An Overview of Cancer • What is Cancer? • Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells • Neoplasms • Malignant tumors • Benign tumors

  5. An Overview of Cancer • Cellular Change/Mutation Theories • Spontaneous errors • External agents • Oncogenes • Risks for Cancer-Lifestyle • Smoking among greatest • Nutrition/exercise

  6. Factors Believed to Contribute to Global Causes of Cancer Figure 13.1

  7. What Causes Cancer? • Biological Factors • Genetic predisposition • Reproductive and hormonal risks

  8. What Causes Cancer? • Occupational and Environmental Factors • Asbestos, nickel, chromate • Radioactive substances • Social and Psychological Factors • Stress • Decrease negative emotions

  9. What Causes Cancer? • Chemicals in Food • Sodium nitrate • Clostridium botulism • Viral Factors • Herpes-related virus and human papillomavirus • Medical Factors • Diethylstibestrol (DES) • Chemotherapy

  10. Table 13.1

  11. Types of Cancer • Classifications of Cancer • Carcinomas • Sarcomas • Lymphomas • Leukemias • Lung Cancer • Killed 164,000 in 2000 • Prevention-researchers theorize: 90% of all lung cancers could be avoided by not smoking

  12. Types of Cancer • Breast Cancer • One in 8 women • Risk increases with age • Risk factors supported by research • Prevention (self-exam and mammography) • See figure 13.3 for self-examination procedure • Treatment

  13. Breast Self-Examination Figure 13.3

  14. Types of Cancer • Colon and Rectum Cancer • 3rd most common in men and women • 135,400 in 2001 diagnosed • Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal bleeding • Prostate Cancer • Most common in males today • 189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002 • Estimated 30,200 men will die

  15. Types of Cancer • Skin Cancer: Sun Bathers Beware • 1.3 million cases of skin cancer • Treatable: basal or squamous • Virulent: malignant melanoma • ABCD rule about melanoma • What are some ideas about the use of sunscreen?

  16. Types of Cancer • Testicular Cancer • Ages 17-34 at greatest risk • Cause is unknown • Undescended testicles present a great risk • How and when should men examine their testicles?(see Figure 13.4)

  17. Testicular Self-Examination Figure 13.4

  18. Types of Cancer • Ovarian Cancer • 4th leading cause of death in young women • Enlargement of abdomen common sign • Prevention: annual pelvic exams • Endometrium (Uterine) Cancer • Pap test for early detection • Risk: early onset of intercourse • Warning: abnormal bleeding

  19. Types of Cancer • Cancer of the Pancreas • “Silent” disease • 29,700 cases in 2002 • Only 4% survive • Contributors: inflammation, diabetes, high-fat diet

  20. Types of Cancer • Leukemia • Cancer of blood-forming tissues • Leads to the creation of immature white blood cells • Symptoms: fatigue / paleness / weight loss • Can be acute or chronic

  21. Facing Cancer • Detecting Cancer • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT scan) • Prostatic ultrasound (rectal probe) • Self-exam and check-ups

  22. Table 13.3

  23. Facing Cancer • New Hope in Cancer Treatments • Surgery to remove tumor • Chemotherapy • Researching genes and cell mutations

  24. Facing Cancer • Talking with Your Doctor about Cancer • Ask questions about type, treatment, clinical trials • Ask about surgery • Ask why one treatment is preferred • Get all your options

  25. Facing Cancer • Life After Cancer • Laws reduce insurance discrimination • Less isolation • Assistance is available • Support groups

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