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AP Psychology Review for Success

Dive into the depths of psychological knowledge with topics ranging from Descartes and Aristotle to modern psychological theories and key experiments. Explore dualism, phrenology, neuron communication, nature vs. nurture, stages of development, intelligence, memory processing models, language theories, emotional intelligence, personality theories, and mental health disorders. Delve into the fascinating field of psychology to enhance your understanding and prepare for success in your studies.

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AP Psychology Review for Success

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  1. Now that you have finished the course— • GO FOR IT !!!

  2. AP PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW • Descartes Aristotle • Plato (mind not • Socrates separate (mind separate from from body- body-knowledge is knowledge innate-born within grows from us) dualism experience monism

  3. Measures of central tendency- • Mean, median, mode p. 41 • Measures of variation- • Range and standard deviation p. 41 • Research methods- • Descriptive, correlational, experimental p. 39

  4. Who invented phrenology? • Franz Gall • Neuron communication • Sensory neurons • Afferent • Motor neurons • Efferent • Sympathetic nervous system-stimulates • Parasympathetic -pacifies

  5. Nature vs. Nurture • Biopsychosocial influences p. 135 • Individualist cultures and collectivist cultures • Individualist proverb: “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.” • Collectivist proverb: “The quacking duck gets shot.”

  6. Stages of development- • Ainsworth strange situation paradigm • P. 156 secure and insecure attachment • Harry Harlow –experiments on comfort • Kubler Ross -stages of dying • (Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance) • Fluid and crystallized intelligence

  7. Absolute threshold- • JND-just noticeable difference • Weber’s (Vay’ber’s)Law- • Two lights-8%,weight-2%,tones-.3% • Gate-control theory- • gate opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nervefibers • Gate closed by activity of pain signals traveling up large fibers p.227

  8. Gestalt – form or whole • Monocular and binocular cues • Visual cliff experiment- • depth perception • Perceptual set-mental predisposition • Human factors psychologists- • help design appliances, machines, etc. that fit our natural perceptions.

  9. Sleep cycle (B A D) Beta, Alpha, (Theta), Delta Spindles in stage 2 REM- about 25% Pineal gland – sleep inducing hormone melatonin • Suprachiasmatic nucleus (neural center in hypothalamus) controls circadian clock • Dream theories

  10. Classical and operant conditioning • Theory of mind • Pavlov, Watson, Garcia • Skinner • Bandura’sbobo doll • Skinner box (operant chamber) • Schedules of reinforcement • Interval- • related to time • Ratio-related to number of times

  11. Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three stage memory processing model • Sensory, short-term, long-term • Hippocampus – • explicit memories • Cerebellum- • implicit memories • Encoding- effortful and automatic • Elizabeth Loftus-false memories

  12. Skinner –A I R – • association, imitation, reinforcement • Chomsky-inborn universal grammar • Heuristics- • representative, availability • Whorf’s linguistic determinism • Phoneme-smallest sound unit • Morpheme-smallest unit that carries meaning • Critical period-window begins to close at age 7

  13. Spearman-general intelligence “g” • Gardner- 8 intelligences • Sternberg-3 intelligences (cap) creative, analytic, practical • Binet/Simon-started intelligence movement • Wechsler-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-most widely used • Convergent – • single correct answer- • Divergent- • Multiple answers

  14. Industrial organizational psychology • Drive reduction theory • Goleman’s emotional intelligence • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Task leadership and social leadership • Voice effect

  15. James-Lange theory(arousal-emotion) • Cannon-Bard theory(arousal/emotion) • Schachter-Singer theory(arousal/label then emotion) • Zajonc-LeDoux theory-we have many emotional reactions apart from our interpretation. Two roads: • Fear-thalamus-amygdala-response • Fear-thalamus-sensory cortex-prefrontal cortex amygdala-response

  16. Personality theories- • Freud, Adler, Horney, Jung • Projective tests • Eysenck –two axes-extraversion/introversion • Stable/unstable • Conscientiousness, agreeableness, • Neuroticism, openness, extraversion

  17. DSM-IV-TR AND UN-DSM • 5 AXES: Disorder, personality disorder, medical condition, environmental problems, functioning • Affective(mood) • Depression-low serotonin • Mania-high serotonin • Schizophrenia-high dopamine • Positive and negative symptoms

  18. Pinel and Dix-humane treatment • Regression toward the mean • Chart on therapy techniques • EMDR • Aaron Beck’s view of depression • Deinstitutionalization

  19. Cognitive dissonance • Kurt Lewin-leadership styles • Solomon Asch-conformity • Milgram-obedience • Zimbardo-jail experiment • GRIT-graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction (Osgood) • The “sleeper effect” –negative propaganda has impact even from discreditable source.

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