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Chapter 27

Chapter 27. The Deepening European Crisis: World War II. p. 849. Prelude to War. The “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1937) Hitler becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 Slow rearmament Repudiation of disarmament clauses of Versailles Peace Treaty, 1935

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Chapter 27

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  1. Chapter 27 The Deepening European Crisis: World War II

  2. p. 849

  3. Prelude to War • The “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1937) • Hitler becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 • Slow rearmament • Repudiation of disarmament clauses of Versailles Peace Treaty, 1935 • Troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, March 7, 1936 • New Allies • Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936 • Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan, November 1936

  4. Chronology, p. 857

  5. The Path to War (1938-1939) • Annexation of Austria, March 13, 1938 • Demand the cession of the Sudetenland, September 15, 1938 • Munich Conference, September 29, 1938 • Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) • Appeasement • German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia • Hitler demands Danzig • British offer to protect Poland • Non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, August 23, 1939 • Invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939 • Britain and France declare war on Germany, September 3, 1939

  6. p. 853

  7. Map 27-1, p. 854

  8. p. 856

  9. The Path to War in Asia • Japanese Empire • Korea, Formosa, Manchuria, and theMarshall, Caroline, and Mariana islands • 1931 Japan seized Manchuria • Chiang Kai-shek 

  10. p. 857

  11. The Course to World War II • Blitzkrieg (lightening war) • Poland divided on September 28, 1939 • Victory and Stalemate • “Phony War”, winter 1939-1940 • Germany resumes offensive, April 9, 1939, against Denmark and Norway • Attack on Netherlands, Belgium, and France, May 10, 1940 • Evacuation of Dunkirk • Surrender of France, June 22, 1940 • Vichy France • Marshal Henri Pétain (1856-1951) • Battle of Britain, August-September 1940 • German Luftwaffe • German Mediterranean strategy • Germany invades the Soviet Union, June 22, 1941

  12. p. 859

  13. The War in Asia • Pearl Harbor • Assault on the Philippines • Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • Attacks galvanized American opinion in support for war

  14. Map 27-2, p. 860

  15. Map 27-3, p. 861

  16. Turning Point of War, 1942-1943 • Europe • The Grand Alliance • Defeat of Germany the first priority • Military aid to Russia and Britain • Allies ignore political differences • Agree on unconditional surrender • German success in 1942 in Africa and Soviet Union • Allies invade North Africa, November 1942, victory in May 1943 • Battle of Stalingrad, November 1942-February 1943 • War in Asia • Battle of the Coral Sea, May 7-8, 1942 • Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942

  17. p. 862

  18. p. 862

  19. Last Years of the War • Invasion of Sicily, 1943 • Invasion of Italy, September 1943 • Rome falls June 4, 1944 • D-Day invasion of France, June 6, 1944 • Five assault divisions landed on Normandy beaches • Within three months, two million men landed • German surrender at Stalingrad, February 2, 1943 • Tank Battle of Kursk, Soviet Union, July 5-12, 1943

  20. Last Years of the War (cont) • Russians enters Berlin, April 1945 • Hitler’s suicide, April 30, 1945 • Surrender of Germany, May 7, 1945  • Death of President Franklin Roosevelt, April 12, 1945 • Difficulty of invading the Japanese homeland • New President Harry Truman makes decision to use the atomic bomb • Surrender of Japan, August 14, 1945 • Human losses in the war: 17 million military dead, 18 million civilians dead

  21. p. 864

  22. Chronology, p. 865

  23. The Nazi New Order • The Nazi Empire • Nazi occupies Europe was organized in two ways • Some areas annexed and made into German provinces • Most areas were occupied and administered by Germans • Racial considerations • Resettlement plans of the East • Poles were uprooted and moved • 2 million ethnic Germans settled Poland, 1942 • Need for labor

  24. p. 868

  25. p. 869

  26. Resistance Movements • Charles de Gaulle • Free French movement, • Josip Broz • In Germany • The White Rose movement • Colonel Count Claus von Stauffenberg • Stauffenberg assassination attempt • Five thousand executions

  27. Map 27-4, p. 870

  28. The Holocaust • First focused on emigration • The Final Solution • Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942) • Einsatzgrupen • Death camps • In operation by the spring of 1942 • Shipments of Jews from Poland, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands in 1942 • Shipments from Berlin, Vienna, Prague, Greece, southern France, Italy, and Denmark • Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide) • Auschwitz • Death of 2 out of 3 European Jews • The Other Holocaust • Death of 9 - 10 million people beyond the 5 - 6 million Jews • 40 percent of European Gypsies

  29. p. 871

  30. The New Order in Asia • Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • “Asia for the Asians” • Japanese Occupation • Conquest of Nanjing • “Comfort women” • 800,000 Korean forced laborers • Burma-Thailand Railroads

  31. The Mobilization of Peoples • Great Britain • 55 percent of the people were in ‘‘war work” • By 1944, women held 50 percent of the civil service positions • Dig for Victory • Emphasis ona planned economy • The Soviet Union • Enormous losses, 2 of every 5 killed in World War II were Russians • Siege of Leningrad • Factories moved to the interior

  32. p. 873

  33. The Mobilization of Peoples (cont) • The United States • Slow mobilization until mid-1943 • Social problems • African-Americans • Detroit, June 1943 • Japanese Americans • Germany • Continued production of consumer goods first two years of the war • Blitzkrieg and then plunder conquered countries • Albert Speer and armaments production • Total mobilization of the economy, 1944 • Japan • Highly mobilized society • Bushido • Kamikaze

  34. Civilians on the Front Line: The Bombing of Cities • Bombing civilians • Luftwaffe begin the Blitz in Britain • Allies begin bombing raids on German cities under Arthur Harris • Cologne, Germany • Americans daytime bombing • Hamburg; Dresden • Success or failure of bombing raids • Atomic bomb • Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 • Nagasaki, August 9, 1945

  35. p. 878

  36. p. 878

  37. p. 878

  38. p. 880

  39. Aftermath: The Emergence of the Cold War • The Conferences at Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam • Conference at Tehran, November 1943 • Future course of the war, invasion of the continent for 1944 • Agreement for the partition of postwar Germany • Conference at Yalta, February 1945 • “Declaration on Liberated Europe” • Soviet military assistance for the war against Japan • Creation of a United Nations • German unconditional surrender • Free elections in Eastern Europe • Conference at Potsdam, July 1945 • Truman replaces Roosevelt • Growing problems between the Allies • Winston Churchill proclaims in March 1946 the existence of “an iron curtain” across the continentof Europe

  40. Map 27-5, p. 881

  41. Timeline, p. 883

  42. Discussion Questions • What steps did Hitler take to conquer England? • Why did Hitler abandon the fight for England and turn toward Russia? • What seemed to have been the causes of Soviet suspicions about Britain and the US throughout the war? Give examples. • What were “kamikaze” pilots? What do they mean by “Divine Wind”? • How were conquered or occupied peoples treated by the Germans during the war? Give examples. • How did each country mobilize the home front for the war effort?

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