Presented By : Submitted To : B.V.MANINDER. REDDY Mr.A.M.J.NEWTON

1. Presented By : Submitted To : B.V.MANINDER. REDDY Mr.A.M.J.NEWTON M.PharmacyAssociate professor Dept of Pharmaceutics NIRMALA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

2. CONTENTS • Introduction • Different types of tablet compression machines • Punches and dies • Different shapes of tablets • Compaction profile • Effect of compaction on hardness • Effect of compaction on friability • Effect of compaction on lamination • References

3. INTRODUCTION • What is a TABLET ? A tablet is a pharmaceutical unit dosage form. It comprises a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, pressed or compacted from a powder into a solid dose.

4. DIFFERENT TYPES OF TABLETTING MACHINES • Single punch press • Rotatory tablet press • Computerised tablet press

5. Single punch press • It posses a die and a pair of punches. • The amount of powder fill in to the die is controlled by the position of the lower punch. • After ejection of tablet it is displaced by the shoe of the hopper.as it moves back to the die for next tablet. • OUTPUT:200 TABS per minute • Used in production of small batches.

7. ROTATORY PRESS • Developed to increase the out put. • It operates with a number of dies & sets of punches which can vary considerably. • Both the dies & punches rotate during the operation. • The vertical movement of the punches is controlled by tracks that pass over cams and rolls used to control the volume of powder fed in to the die and the pressure applied during compression.

9. Computerised hydraulic press • In these the movement of the punches can be controlled and varied considerably. • Thus the tablet can be prepared under controlled conditions with respect to loading pattern and loading rate. • Applications: to predict the sensitivity of the drug to such variations, to mimic the loading pattern of production presses to predict scale up problems. • Because of the later application this is also called as compaction simulator

12. International Standards BB tool B tool D tool

13. PUNCHES AND DIES • General Terminology of Tooling • Different shapes of dies and punches • International Standards • Materials For Construction • Coating of Dies and Punches • Quality Control • Maintenance of Dies and Punches • New Developments

14. GENERAL TERMINOLOGY OF TOOLING • Upper punch • Lower punch • Die • Keying

17. Different shapes of tablets

18. Different Shapes of punches and Dies • Round shape punch die set • Oval shape punch die set • Capsule shape punch die set • Geometric shape punch die set • Irregular shape punch die set • Core rod tooling punch die set

19. Round shape Punch Die Set • Used by pharmaceutical and veterinary industry. • Can manufacture following type of tablets: • Shallow Concave Ball Shape • Deep Concave Flat Faced • Concave with Edges Flat with Bevel Edges • Normal Concave.

20. Oval Shape Punch Die Set • Applicable to pharmaceutical and ayurvedic industries. • Can manufacture following types of tablets: • Flat Faced Flat with bevel edges • Concave/Deep/Deep Concave with bevel edges.

21. Capsule shape punch die set • Applicable to pharmaceutical and ayurvedic industries. • Can manufacture following types of tablets: • Concave with Edges • Deep Concave Flat Faced • Normal concave Flat with Bevel Edges.

22. Geometric Shape Punch Die Set • Applicable to pharmaceutical, confectionery, chemical, industrial powder metallurgy industries. • Can manufacture following types of tablet: • Triangular • Benzene • Rhombus • Rectangular Square.

23. Irregular Shape Punch Die Set • Are applicable to confectionery industries. • Available with different size, concavity, and flat in plain or engraved break line.

24. Core Rod Tooling Punch Die Set • Applicable in confectionery and ceramic industries. • Can manufacture following types of tablets: • Tablet with hole in center & concave rib • Tablet with hole in center & flat rib.

25. Materials For Construction • Dies- HCHC (High carbon High chromium steel ) • Punches- OHNS (Oil Hardened Nitride steel) • Different types of steel standards: • For dies:- AISI-01 • For punches:- AISI-S7, AISI-S1, D2(HCHC-D2), SUS 440C.

26. Coating of Dies and Punches • Why coating is required? • Sticky material • Corrosive material • Abrasive material

27. Different Types of Coatings • Titanium Nitride Coating • Electroless Nickel Plating (ENI) • Chromium Nitride Coating (CrN) • Chromium Carbon Nitride (CrCN) Coating • Diamond Coating of Diamond like Carbon (DLC) • Cr-CrN-Cr Multilayer Coating (Nano Coating)

29. PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) Coating Technology

30. Quality Control • Dies: • Height and outside diameter • Die bore diameter using expandable, small bore gauges • Die bore major and minor axis using Vernier caliper and expandable, small bore gauges • Die Bore concentricity • Squareness • Visual Inspection • Dimensional Inspection • Punches: • Overall length • Working length • Cup depth • Tips – round and capsule • Tip and Barrel concentricity • Head, Head flat and Neck • Barrel

31. Maintenance of Dies and Punches • Why is it required? • To improve the lifespan of toolings. • How are they Maintained? • Fitting instructions usually as per the manual given. • Warm soap water and a soft brush are suitable for thorough cleaning • Not to be touched by bare fingers • Thoroughly coated with an acid-free oil in order to prevent corrosion.

32. Contd.. • Toolings should be regularly checked. • Polishing – • By hand • “Drag Finishing” machine • Storage cabinets for tooling – • Clashing • Dusting • Humidity

33. New Developments • Multi-tip punches • Development in manufacturing different shapes of tablets • Polo • Teddy Beer, Lion, etc. • Tablets which can be broken into 4 equal halves

34. Multi-tip Punches

35. COMPACTION PROFILE

36. EFFECT OF COMPACTION ON HARDNESS OF TABLET • It has the same causes as weight variations. • Hardness depends on weight of the material and the space between the upper and lower punch at the moment of compression. • If the distance between the punches varies hardness is like in consistent.

37. Effect Of Compaction On Friability Of Tablet • When the punches are in poor condition or worn at their surface edges this problem arises. • Less compression pressure also leads to increased friability.

38. Effect of compaction on lamination • Rapid relaxation of the peripheral region of a tablet,on ejection from a die. • This can be prevented by using tappered dies • Rapid decompression also causes lamination. • This can be prevented by doing pre compression step. And decreasing the final compression pressure.

39. References: • www.google.com • Parle-Elizabeth Tools Pvt Ltd. • Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, second and third volumes • http//www.thomaseng.compresstooling.pdf • www.vmindustries.com • Pharmaceutics by Aulton • Pharmaceutical technology by Libermann and laitman.