Modified JJ

1. An Introduction to Financial Econometrics: Time-Varying Volatility and ARCH Models Modified JJ Vera Tabakova, East Carolina University

2. Chapter 14: An Introduction to Financial Econometrics: Time-Varying Volatility and ARCH Models • 14.1 The ARCH Model • 14.2 Time-Varying Volatility • 14.3 Testing, Estimating and Forecasting • 14.4 Extensions Below y denotes a return series. Returns are assumed: uncorrelated in levels, with a constant expected value beta_0 , and autocorrelated in squared values: Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

3. 14.1 The Arch Model The noise is serially uncorrelated, has marginal mean 0 and marginal variance sigma square which is constant. Its marginal distribution is left unspecified. We’ll see later that it is not Normal. The return y_t has the same marginal distribution, only with nonzero mean beta_0. This means that expected return is constant and equal to beta_0. Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

4. 14.1 The Arch Model Moreover, as we see here the noise has a conditional Normal distribution given its own past. Its conditional mean is constant and, like its marginal mean, it is 0. Its conditional variance h_t is time varying: h_t has ARCH(1) dynamics. Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

5. The positivity conditions are needed to make sure the conditional variance h_t stays positive. • The marginal and conditional variance of (demeaned) returns are related Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

6. 14.1.1 Conditional and Unconditional Moments • Conditional moments Conditional expected return=marginal expected return: E(y_t| I_t-1) =E(y_t) = beta_0 Conditional variance of returns is time varying h_t: E[(y_t-beta_0) ^2 | I_t-1]= h_t Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

7. 14.1.1 Conditional and Unconditional Moments • Unconditional moments Marginal expected return : E(y_t) = beta Marginal variance of returns: E[(y_t-beta)^2] = sigma = alpha_0/(1-alpha_1) Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

8. 14.2 Time Varying Volatility Figure 14.1 Examples of Returns to Various Stock Indices Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

9. 14.2 Time Varying Volatility Figure 14.2 Histograms of Returns to Various Stock Indices Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

10. 14.2 Time Varying Volatility Figure 14.3 Simulated Examples of Constant and Time-Varying Variances Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

11. 14.2 Time Varying Volatility Figure 14.4 Frequency Distributions of the Simulated Models Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

12. Empirical properties of returns • When returns are plotted over time, they display volatility clustering. Volatility varies over time( if you calculate variance from subsamples, you will get different results) • The marginal distributions of returns have fat tails (kurtosis>3)-because they admit more extreme values than a Normal variable • The marginal distributions of returns are often skewed Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

13. 14.3 Testing, Estimating and Forecasting • 14.3.1 Testing for ARCH effects • 14.3.1 Testing for ARCH effects • You first estimate beta by regressing returns on a constant. You get hat(beta). Next, compute the OLS residual as y_t- hat(beta). Square the residual, regress on its lag Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

14. 14.3 Testing, Estimating and Forecasting Figure 14.5 Time Series and Histogram of Returns Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

15. 14.3.2 Estimating ARCH Models • This is a one-step estimation . On this and the next slides, the fitted returns are denoted by r_that Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

16. 14.3.3 Forecasting Volatility Here (r_t-hat(beta_)) is the residual or demeaned return Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

17. 14.3.3 Forecasting Volatility Figure 14.6 Plot of Conditional Variance Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

18. 14.4 Extensions • In many applications, ARCH(1) with one lag is insufficient and q lags are used instead • ARCH(q) captures the volatility persistence (clustering), in the sense large squared returns are followed by large squared returns and small are followed by small. • In many applications q tends to be very large. Hence instead of a long ARCH(q), estimate the GARCh(p,q) given next. Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

19. 14.4.1 The GARCH Model - Generalized ARCH Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

20. 14.4.1 The GARCH Model - Generalized ARCH Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

21. 14.4.1 The GARCH Model - Generalized ARCH Figure 14.7 Estimated Means and Variances of Various ARCH Models Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

22. 14.4.2 Allowing for an Asymmetric Effect • GARCH(p,q) disregards the empirical fact that large negative returns increase volatility more than large positive returns: Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

23. 14.4.2 Allowing for an Asymmetric Effect Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

24. 14.4.3 GARCH-in-Mean and Time-varying Risk Premium This model is motivated by the CAPM: high- risk assets have higher expected return than low-risk assets. Therefore conditional variance (volatility) appears in the conditional expectation of returns. Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

25. 14.4.3 GARCH-in-Mean and Time-varying Risk Premium Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition

26. Keywords • ARCH • Conditional and Unconditional Forecasts • Conditionally normal • GARCH • ARCH-in-mean and GARCH-in-mean • T-ARCH and T-GARCH • Time-varying variance Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition